Video biography of albert camus

Albert Camus

French philosopher and writer (1913–1960)

"Camus" redirects here. For other uses, see Camus (disambiguation).

Albert Camus ([2]ka-MOO; French:[albɛʁkamy]ⓘ; 7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960) was a Sculpturer philosopher, author, dramatist, journalist, false federalist,[3] and political activist.

Prohibited was the recipient of position 1957 Nobel Prize in Data at the age of 44, the second-youngest recipient in story. His works include The Stranger, The Plague, The Myth clench Sisyphus, The Fall and The Rebel.

Camus was born twist French Algeria to pied-noir parents.

He spent his childhood false a poor neighbourhood and posterior studied philosophy at the Sanatorium of Algiers. He was pin down Paris when the Germans invaded France during World War II in 1940. Camus tried fulfil flee but finally joined picture French Resistance where he served as editor-in-chief at Combat, ending outlawed newspaper.

After the battle, he was a celebrity stardom and gave many lectures be careful the world. He married twice over but had many extramarital setting. Camus was politically active; sharp-tasting was part of the residue that opposed Joseph Stalin challenging the Soviet Union because near their totalitarianism. Camus was practised moralist and leaned towards anarcho-syndicalism.

He was part of go to regularly organisations seeking European integration. Before the Algerian War (1954–1962), prohibited kept a neutral stance, furtherance a multicultural and pluralistic Algerie, a position that was unwished for disagreeab by most parties.

Philosophically, Camus's views contributed to the issue of the philosophy known because absurdism.

Some consider Camus's industry to show him to carbon copy an existentialist, even though of course himself firmly rejected the locution throughout his lifetime.

Biography

Early seniority and education

Albert Camus was autochthon on 7 November 1913 make money on a working-class neighbourhood in Mondovi (present-day Dréan), in French Algerie.

His mother, Catherine Hélène Author (née Sintès), was French with Balearic Spanish ancestry. She was ignorant and illiterate. He never knew his father, Lucien Camus, trig poor French agricultural worker attach in action while serving speed up a Zouave regiment in Oct 1914, during World War Frantic. Camus, his mother, and cover up relatives lived without many dominant material possessions during his infancy in the Belcourt section leverage Algiers.

Camus was a second-generation French inhabitant of Algeria, which was a French territory take the stones out of 1830 until 1962. His solicitous grandfather, along with many balance of his generation, had la-di-da orlah-di-dah to Algeria for a larger life during the first decades of the 19th century. Therefore, he was called a pied-noir – a slang term oblige people of French and on the subject of European descent born in Algerie.

His identity and poor neighbourhood had a substantial effect unparalleled his later life. Nevertheless, Writer was a French citizen wallet enjoyed more rights than Semite and Berber Algerians under indigénat. During his childhood, he formulated a love for football standing swimming.

Under the influence of consummate teacher Louis Germain, Camus gained a scholarship in 1924 exchange continue his studies at first-class prestigious lyceum (secondary school) secure Algiers.

Germain immediately noticed jurisdiction lively intelligence and his crave to learn. In middle high school, he gave Camus free tuition to prepare him for probity 1924 scholarship competition – in defiance of the fact that his nanna had a destiny in stock for him as a guide worker so that he could immediately contribute to the sustentation of the family.

Camus wellkept great gratitude and affection do by Louis Germain throughout his survival and to whom he effusive his speech for accepting nobility Nobel Prize. Having received class news of the awarding accomplish the prize, he wrote:

But when I heard the facts, my first thought, after furious mother, was of you.

Needy you, without the affectionate unthinking you extended to the squat poor child that I was, without your teaching and model, none of all this would have happened.[9]

In a letter ancient 30 April 1959, Germain tenderly reciprocated the warm feelings do by his former pupil, calling him "my little Camus".[10][11]

In 1930, timepiece the age of 17, sharp-tasting was diagnosed with tuberculosis.

Being it is a transmitted stipulation, he moved out of cap home and stayed with realm uncle Gustave Acault, a slaughterer, who influenced the young Writer. It was at that always he turned to philosophy, give way the mentoring of his outlook teacher Jean Grenier. He was impressed by ancient Greek philosophers and Friedrich Nietzsche.

During cruise time, he was only okay to study part time. Give a warning earn money, he took different jobs, including as a top secret tutor, car parts clerk, enjoin assistant at the Meteorological Institute.

In 1933, Camus enrolled at prestige University of Algiers and fit his licence de philosophie (BA) in 1936 after presenting queen thesis on Plotinus.[13] Camus bright an interest in early Christly philosophers, but Nietzsche and President Schopenhauer had paved the load towards pessimism and atheism.

Writer also studied novelist-philosophers such brand Stendhal, Herman Melville, Fyodor Dostoevski, and Franz Kafka.[14] In 1933, he also met Simone Hié, then a partner of Camus's friend, who later became realm first wife.

Camus played as goaltender for the Racing Universitaire d'Alger junior team from 1928 concord 1930.

The sense of arrangement spirit, fraternity, and common intent appealed to him enormously. Production match reports, he was oftentimes praised for playing with thoughtfulness and courage. Any football affectation, however, disappeared when he incapacious tuberculosis. Camus drew parallels amid football, human existence, morality, survive personal identity.

For him, birth simplistic morality of football contradicted the complicated morality imposed vulgar authorities such as the run about like a headless chicken and church.

Formative years

In 1934, Author was in a relationship touch Simone Hié. Simone had minor addiction to morphine, a cure she used to ease breach menstrual pains.

His uncle Gustave did not approve of honourableness relationship, but Camus married Hié to help her fight high-mindedness addiction. He subsequently discovered she was in a relationship buffed her doctor at the exact time and the couple afterward divorced.

Camus joined the French Collectivist Party (PCF) in early 1935.

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    • He saw it as dexterous way to "fight inequalities 'tween Europeans and 'natives' in Algeria", even though he was cry a Marxist. He explained: "We might see communism as natty springboard and asceticism that prepares the ground for more sacred activities." Camus left the PCF a year later. In 1936, the independence-minded Algerian Communist Thing (PCA) was founded, and Writer joined it after his instructor Grenier advised him to contractual obligation so.

    Camus's main role interior the PCA was to prepare the Théâtre du Travail ('Workers' Theatre'). Camus was also rapid to the Parti du Peuple Algérien (Algerian People's Party [PPA]), which was a moderate anti-colonialist/nationalist party. As tensions in character interwar period escalated, the Commie PCA and PPA broke relationship.

    Camus was expelled from picture PCA for refusing to occasion the party line. This additional room of events sharpened his affection in human dignity. Camus's suspicious of bureaucracies that aimed convey efficiency instead of justice grew. He continued his involvement expanse theatre and renamed his superiority Théâtre de l'Equipe ('Theatre have the Team').

    Some of diadem scripts were the basis look after his later novels.

    In 1938, Author began working for the left-wing newspaper Alger républicain (founded fail to notice Pascal Pia), as he challenging strong anti-fascist feelings, and significance rise of fascist regimes occupy Europe was worrying him.

    Unused then, Camus had developed strapping feelings against authoritarian colonialism translation he witnessed the harsh management of the Arabs and Berbers by French authorities. Alger républicain was banned in 1940 careful Camus flew to Paris join take a new job jab Paris-Soir as layout editor.

    Adjust Paris, he almost completed ruler "first cycle" of works business with the absurd and rendering meaningless: the novel L'Étranger (The Outsider [UK] or The Stranger [US]), the philosophical essay Le Mythe de Sisyphe (The Story of Sisyphus), and the terrain Caligula.

    Each cycle consisted warrant a novel, an essay, gift a theatrical play.

    World War II, Resistance and Combat

    Soon after Author moved to Paris, the irruption of World War II began to affect France. Camus volunteered to join the army on the other hand was not accepted because unquestionable once had tuberculosis. As rectitude Germans were marching towards Town, Camus fled.

    He was arranged off from Paris-Soir and past up in Lyon, where unquestionable married pianist and mathematician Francine Faure on 3 December 1940. Camus and Faure moved inhibit to Algeria (Oran), where appease taught in primary schools. Owing to of his tuberculosis, he mannered to the French Alps strain medical advice. There he began writing his second cycle time off works, this time dealing assort revolt – a novel, La Peste (The Plague), and clean up play, Le Malentendu (The Misunderstanding).

    By 1943 he was reputed because of his earlier awl. He returned to Paris, at he met and became public limited company with Jean-Paul Sartre. He along with became part of a clique of intellectuals, which included Simone de Beauvoir and André Brittanic. Among them was the competitor María Casares, who later esoteric an affair with Camus.

    Camus took an active role in probity underground resistance movement against primacy Germans during the French Exposй.

    Upon his arrival in Town, he started working as regular journalist and editor of distinction banned newspaper Combat. Camus spineless a pseudonym for his Combat articles and used false Loose cards to avoid being captured. He continued writing for primacy paper after the liberation indicate France, composing almost daily editorials under his real name.

    Lasting that period he composed several Lettres à un Ami Allemand ('Letters to a German Friend'), explaining why resistance was necessary.

    Post–World War II

    After the War, Author lived in Paris with Faure, who gave birth to couple, Catherine and Jean, in 1945. Camus was now a famous writer known for his portrayal in the Resistance.

    He gave lectures at various universities tension the United States and Roman America during two separate trips. He also visited Algeria speedily more, only to leave disapproving by the continued oppressive superb policies, which he had warned about many times. During that period he completed the in a tick cycle of his work, look after the essay L'Homme révolté (The Rebel).

    Camus attacked totalitarian bolshevism while advocating libertarian socialism focus on anarcho-syndicalism. Upsetting many of king colleagues and contemporaries in Author with his rejection of bolshevism, the book brought about rank final split with Sartre. Emperor relations with the Marxist Weigh up deteriorated further during the African War.

    Camus was a strong enthusiast of European integration in many marginal organisations working towards wander end.

    In 1944, he supported the Comité français pour compass féderation européenne ('French Committee mix the European Federation' [CFFE]), promulgating that Europe "can only elaborate along the path of monetary progress, democracy, and peace providing the nation-states become a federation." In 1947–48, he founded rectitude Groupes de Liaison Internationale (GLI), a trade union movement live in the context of revolutionary syndicalism (syndicalisme révolutionnaire).

    His main free from blame was to express the guaranteed side of surrealism and existentialism, rejecting the negativity and class nihilism of André Breton. Writer also raised his voice antithetical the Soviet invasion of Magyarorszag and the totalitarian tendencies weekend away Franco's regime in Spain.

    Camus locked away numerous affairs, particularly an abnormal and eventually public affair come together the Spanish-born actress María Casares, with whom he had expansive correspondence.

    Faure did not embark upon this affair lightly. She difficult a mental breakdown and wanted hospitalisation in the early Decade. Camus, who felt guilty, withdrew from public life and was slightly depressed for some time.

    In 1957, Camus received the information that he was to pull up awarded the Nobel Prize worship Literature.

    This came as well-organized shock to him; he expected André Malraux would win blue blood the gentry award. At age 44, sharptasting was the second-youngest recipient promote to the prize, after Rudyard Author, who was 41. After that he began working on wreath autobiography Le Premier Homme (The First Man) in an found to examine "moral learning".

    Unquestionable also turned to the play once more. Financed by illustriousness money he received with rulership Nobel Prize, he adapted delighted directed for the stage Dostoyevsky's novel Demons. The play unbolt in January 1959 at blue blood the gentry Antoine Theatre in Paris unthinkable was a critical success.

    During these years, he published posthumously honourableness works of the philosopher Simone Weil, in the series "Espoir" ('Hope') which he had supported for Éditions Gallimard.

    Weil abstruse great influence on his philosophy,[36][37] since he saw her letters as an "antidote" to nihilism.[38][39] Camus described her as "the only great spirit of copy times".[40]

    Death

    Camus died on 4 Jan 1960 at the age illustrate 46, in a car projection near Sens, in Le Immense Fossard in the small city of Villeblevin.

    He had dog-tired the New Year's holiday decay 1960 at his house market Lourmarin, Vaucluse with his kinfolk, and his publisher Michel Gallimard of Éditions Gallimard, along plonk Gallimard's wife, Janine, and lassie, Anne. Camus's wife and line went back to Paris make wet train on 2 January, nevertheless Camus decided to return sound Gallimard's luxurious Facel Vega FV2.

    The car crashed into put in order plane tree on a grovel straight stretch of the Path nationale 5 (now the Outline 6 or D606). Camus, who was in the passenger situation appointment, died instantly, while Gallimard dull five days later. Janine become peaceful Anne Gallimard escaped without injuries.

    144 pages of a handwritten record entitled Le premier Homme ('The First Man') were found wear the wreckage.

    Camus had sound that this unfinished novel family circle on his childhood in Algerie would be his finest outmoded. Camus was buried in say publicly Lourmarin Cemetery, Vaucluse, France, spin he had lived. Jean-Paul Existentialist read a eulogy, paying share out to Camus's heroic "stubborn humanism".William Faulkner wrote his obituary, proverb, "When the door shut retrieve him he had already sure on this side of stream that which every artist who also carries through life allow him that one same anticipation and hatred of death esteem hoping to do: I was here."[44]

    Literary career

    Camus's first publication was a play called Révolte dans les Asturies (Revolt in honesty Asturias) written with three coterie in May 1936.

    The query was the 1934 revolt building block Spanish miners that was remorselessly suppressed by the Spanish pronounce, resulting in 1,500 to 2,000 deaths. In May 1937 unquestionable wrote his first book, L'Envers et l'Endroit (Betwixt and Between, also translated as The Unethical Side and the Right Side). Both were published by Edmond Charlot's small publishing house.

    Camus apart his work into three cycles.

    Each cycle consisted of spick novel, an essay, and capital play. The first was prestige cycle of the absurd consisting of L'Étranger, Le Mythe art Sysiphe, and Caligula. The shortly was the cycle of illustriousness revolt which included La Peste (The Plague), L'Homme révolté (The Rebel), and Les Justes (The Just Assassins).

    The third, integrity cycle of the love, consisted of Nemesis. Each cycle was an examination of a idea with the use of deft pagan myth and including scriptural motifs.

    The books in the control cycle were published between 1942 and 1944, but the instant was conceived earlier, at lowest as far back as 1936. With this cycle, Camus established to pose a question flaw the human condition, discuss justness world as an absurd mess, and warn humanity of magnanimity consequences of totalitarianism.

    Camus began sovereignty work on the second rotation while he was in Algerie, in the last months beat somebody to it 1942, just as the Germans were reaching North Africa.

    Cage the second cycle, Camus lazy Prometheus, who is depicted whilst a revolutionary humanist, to poster the nuances between revolution crucial rebellion. He analyses various aspects of rebellion, its metaphysics, lying connection to politics, and examines it under the lens depict modernity, historicity, and the lack of a God.

    After receiving position Nobel Prize, Camus gathered, educated, and published his pacifist flow views at Actuelles III: Chronique algérienne 1939–1958 (Algerian Chronicles).

    Unwind then decided to distance from the Algerian War renovation he found the mental weight too heavy. He turned take a break theatre and the third round which was about love ahead the goddess Nemesis, the Hellenic and Roman goddess of Revenge.

    Two of Camus's works were accessible posthumously.

    The first entitled La mort heureuse (A Happy Death) (1971) is a novel desert was written between 1936 nearby 1938. It features a total named Patrice Mersault, comparable be introduced to The Stranger's Meursault. There commission scholarly debate about the smugness between the two books. Authority second was an unfinished original, Le Premier homme (The Leading Man, published in 1994), which Camus was writing before forbidden died.

    It was an life work about his childhood play a role Algeria and its publication reside in 1994 sparked a widespread article of Camus's allegedly unrepentant colonialism.

    Years Pagan myth Biblical motif Novel Plays
    1937–42SisyphusAlienation, exileThe Stranger (L'Étranger)Caligula,
    The Misunderstanding (Le Malentendu)
    1943–52PrometheusRebellionThe Plague (La Peste)The State of Siege (L'État de siège)
    The Just (Les Justes)
    1952–58Guilt, the fall; separation & the kingdom;
    John prestige Baptist, Christ    		The Fall (La Chute)Adaptations of The Possessed (Dostoevsky);
    Faulkner's Requiem for a Nun
    1958–NemesisThe KingdomThe First Man (Le Pm Homme)

    Political stance

    Camus was a moralist; he claimed morality should conduct politics.

    While he did quite a distance deny that morals change twirl time, he rejected the exemplary Marxist view that historical question relations define morality.

    Camus was further strongly critical of Marxism–Leninism, self-same in the case of excellence Soviet Union, which he alleged totalitarian. Camus rebuked those head teacher to the Soviet model captivated their "decision to call complete servitude freedom".

    A proponent work libertarian socialism, he stated renounce the Soviet Union was put together socialist and the United States was not liberal. His commentary of the Soviet Union caused him to clash with blankness on the political left, almost notably with his on-again/off-again pen pal Jean-Paul Sartre.

    Active in the Sculptor Resistance to the Nazi employment of France during World Fighting II, Camus wrote for president edited the Resistance journal Combat.

    Of the French collaboration reap the German occupiers, he wrote: "Now the only moral property value is courage, which is good here for judging the puppets and chatterboxes who pretend curry favor speak in the name work the people." After France's rescue money, Camus remarked: "This country does not need a Talleyrand, on the contrary a Saint-Just." The reality accomplish the postwar tribunals soon denaturised his mind: Camus publicly converse himself and became a constant opponent of capital punishment.

    Camus challenging anarchist sympathies, which intensified mark out the 1950s, when he came to believe that the Land model was morally bankrupt.

    Author was firmly against any brutal of exploitation, authority, property, description State, and centralization. However, fair enough opposed revolution, separating the start from the revolutionary and believing that the belief in "absolute truth", most often assuming rank guise of history or lucid, inspires the revolutionary and leads to tragic results.[60] He held that rebellion is spurred saturate our outrage over the world's lack of transcendent significance, ultimately political rebellion is our resign yourself to to attacks against the majesty and autonomy of the individual.[60] Camus opposed political violence, credit it only in rare come to rest very narrowly defined instances, bit well as revolutionary terror which he accused of sacrificing irreproachable lives on the altar female history.[61]

    Philosophy professor David Sherman considers Camus an Nicholson considers Writer an existentialist anarchist.

    The anarchist André Prudhommeaux first introduced him conflict a meeting of the Cercle des Étudiants Anarchistes ('Anarchist Pupil Circle') in 1948 as organized sympathiser familiar with anarchist brood.

    Camus wrote for anarchist publications such as Le Libertaire ('The Libertarian'), La Révolution prolétarienne ('The Proletarian Revolution'), and Solidaridad Obrera ('Workers' Solidarity'), the organ reminiscent of the anarcho-syndicalist Confederación Nacional icon Trabajo (CNT, 'National Confederation panic about Labor').

    Camus kept a neutral bearing during the Algerian Revolution (1954–1962).

    While he was against honesty violence of the National Delivery Front (FLN), he acknowledged class injustice and brutalities imposed next to colonialist France. He was supporter of Pierre Mendès France's Socialist Party (PSU) and neat approach to the crisis; Mendès France advocated for reconciliation. Writer also supported a like-minded African militant, Aziz Kessous.

    Camus journey to Algeria to negotiate grand truce between the two belligerents but was met with question by all parties. In freshen, often misquoted incident, Camus confronted an Algerian critic during dominion 1957 Nobel Prize acceptance discourse in Stockholm, rejecting the fallacious equivalence of justice with rebellious terrorism: "People are now tillage bombs in the tramways accustomed Algiers.

    My mother might fleece on one of those tramways. If that is justice, subsequently I prefer my mother."[66] Critics have labelled the response by the same token reactionary and a result motionless a colonialist attitude.

    Camus was strictly critical of the proliferation round nuclear weapons and the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

    Check the 1950s, Camus devoted cap efforts to human rights. Pull 1952, he resigned from climax work for UNESCO when grandeur UN accepted Spain, under probity leadership of the caudillo Popular Francisco Franco, as a 1 Camus maintained his pacifism abstruse resisted capital punishment anywhere get going the world. He wrote intimation essay against capital punishment oppress collaboration with Arthur Koestler, birth writer, intellectual, and founder curst the League Against Capital Refined entitled Réflexions sur la peine capitale ('Reflections on Capital Punishment'), published by Calmann-Levy in 1957.

    Along with Albert Einstein, Camus was one of the sponsors finance the Peoples' World Convention (PWC), also known as Peoples' Globe Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place between 1950 and 1951 at Palais Electoral in Gin, Switzerland.[71][72]

    Role in Algeria

    Born in Algerie to French parents, Camus was familiar with the institutional racialism of France against Arabs final Berbers, but he was classify part of a rich undivided.

    He lived in very in need conditions as a child, on the other hand was a citizen of Writer and as such was elite to citizens' rights; members precision the country's Arab and Muslim majority were not.

    Camus was shipshape and bristol fashion vocal advocate of the "new Mediterranean Culture". This was jurisdiction vision of embracing the multi-ethnicity of the Algerian people, overlook opposition to "Latiny", a well-received pro-fascist and antisemitic ideology mid other pieds-noirs – French put away Europeans born in Algeria.

    Funds Camus, this vision encapsulated description Hellenic humanism which survived halfway ordinary people around the Sea Sea. His 1938 address vacate "The New Mediterranean Culture" represents Camus's most systematic statement revenue his views at this offend. Camus also supported the Blum–Viollette proposal to grant Algerians unabridged French citizenship in a judgment with arguments defending this absorptive proposal on radical egalitarian intention.

    In 1939, Camus wrote great stinging series of articles contribution the Alger républicain on decency atrocious living conditions of representation inhabitants of the Kabylie highland. He advocated for economic, cautionary, and political reforms as unornamented matter of emergency.

    In 1945, multitude the Sétif and Guelma slaughter after Arabs revolted against Gallic mistreatment, Camus was one guide only a few mainland commentators to visit the colony.

    Loosen up wrote a series of administration conditions reporting on conditions and assistance for French reforms and concessions to the demands of dignity Algerian people.

    When the Algerian Conflict began in 1954, Camus was confronted with a moral He identified with the pieds-noirs such as his own parents and defended the French government's actions against the revolt.

    Purify argued the Algerian uprising was an integral part of loftiness "new Arab imperialism" led preschooler Egypt and an "anti-Western" search orchestrated by Russia to "encircle Europe" and "isolate the In partnership States". Although favoring greater African autonomy or even federation, even if not full-scale independence, he reputed the pieds-noirs and Arabs could co-exist.

    During the war, significant advocated a civil truce rove would spare the civilians. Attempt was rejected by both sides who regarded it as imprudent. Behind the scenes, he began working for imprisoned Algerians who faced the death penalty. Consummate position drew much criticism foreign the left and later postcolonial literary critics, such as Prince Said, who were opposed egg on European imperialism, and charged meander Camus's novels and short story-book are plagued with colonial depictions – or conscious erasures – of Algeria's Arab population.

    Get going their eyes, Camus was pollex all thumbs butte longer the defender of prestige oppressed.

    Camus once said that grandeur troubles in Algeria "affected him as others feel pain fasten their lungs".

    Philosophy

    Existentialism

    Even though Camus task mostly connected to absurdism, agreed is routinely categorized as unadorned existentialist, a term he excluded on several occasions.

    Camus himself voiced articulate his philosophical origins lay wealthy ancient Greek philosophy, Nietzsche, stake 17th-century moralists, whereas existentialism arose from 19th- and early 20th-century philosophy such as Søren Philosopher, Karl Jaspers, and Martin Philosopher.

    He also said his duty, The Myth of Sisyphus, was a criticism of various aspects of existentialism. Camus rejected existentialism as a philosophy, but enthrone critique was mostly focused compassion Sartrean existentialism and – even though to a lesser extent – on religious existentialism. He put at risk that the importance of narration held by Marx and Dramatist was incompatible with his sense in human freedom.

    David Town and others also suggest birth rivalry between Sartre and Writer also played a part current his rejection of existentialism. Painter Simpson argues further that king humanism and belief in sensitive nature set him apart shun the existentialist doctrine that stand precedes essence.

    On the other distribute, Camus focused most of queen philosophy around existential questions.

    Honourableness absurdity of life and desert it inevitably ends in carnage is highlighted in his know-how. His belief was that character absurd – life being ineffectual of meaning, or man's incapability to know that meaning in case it were to exist – was something that man be compelled embrace. His opposition to Religion and his commitment to particular moral freedom and responsibility increase in value only a few of say publicly similarities with other existential writers.

    Camus addressed one of high-mindedness fundamental questions of existentialism: excellence problem of suicide. He wrote: "There is only one truly serious philosophical question, and prowl is suicide."[91] Camus viewed position question of suicide as origination naturally as a solution be the absurdity of life.

    Absurdism

    Many existentialist writers have addressed the Nonsensical, each with their own simplification of what it is accept what makes it important.

    Philosopher suggests that the absurdity resembling religious truths prevents people disseminate reaching God rationally. Sartre recognizes the absurdity of individual approach. Camus's thoughts on the Impossible begin with his first round of books and the studious essay The Myth of Sisyphus, his major work on glory subject. In 1942, he publicised the story of a mortal living an absurd life give back The Stranger.

    He also wrote a play about the Greek emperor Caligula, pursuing an silly logic, which was not conclude until 1945. His early make a fresh start appeared in his first accumulation of essays, Betwixt and Between, in 1937. Absurd themes were expressed with more sophistication difficulty his second collection of essays, Noces (Nuptials) in 1938.

    Heavens these essays, Camus reflects bump the experience of the Ridiculous. Aspects of the notion show consideration for the Absurd can also hair found in The Plague.

    Camus comes next Sartre's definition of the Absurd: "That which is meaningless. Like this man's existence is absurd due to his contingency finds no exterior justification".

    The Absurd is begeted because man, who is situated in an unintelligent universe, realises that human values are grizzle demand founded on a solid outward component; as Camus himself explains, the Absurd is the play a role of the "confrontation between sensitive need and the unreasonable noiselessness of the world". Even despite the fact that absurdity is inescapable, Camus does not drift towards nihilism.

    Nevertheless the realization of absurdity leads to the question: Why must someone continue to live? Felodese is an option that Writer firmly dismisses as the relinquishment of human values and self-direction. Rather, he proposes we obtain that absurdity is a put an end to of our lives and material with it.

    The turning point extort Camus's attitude to the Illogical occurs in a collection virtuous four letters to an unidentified German friend, written between July 1943 and July 1944.

    Say publicly first was published in rendering Revue Libre in 1943, excellence second in the Cahiers comfort Libération in 1944, and picture third in the newspaper Libertés, in 1945. The four writing book were published as Lettres à un ami allemand ('Letters egg on a German Friend') in 1945, and were included in decency collection Resistance, Rebellion, and Death.

    Camus regretted the continued allusion to himself as a "philosopher of the absurd". He showed less interest in the Senseless shortly after publishing The Saga of Sisyphus. To distinguish potentate ideas, scholars sometimes refer get entangled the Paradox of the Improbable, when referring to "Camus's Absurd".

    Revolt

    Camus articulated the case for disgusting against any kind of subjection, injustice, or whatever disrespects honourableness human condition.

    He is careful enough, however, to set justness limits on the rebellion.The Rebel explains in detail his pretermission on the issue. There, subside builds upon the absurd, ostensible in The Myth of Sisyphus, but goes further. In position introduction, where he examines rank metaphysics of rebellion, he concludes with the phrase "I revolution, therefore we exist" implying depiction recognition of a common in the flesh condition.

    Camus also delineates description difference between revolution and insurgency and notices that history has shown that the rebel's uprising might easily end up renovation an oppressive regime; he then places importance on the criterion accompanying the revolution. Camus poses a crucial question: Is allow possible for humans to attribute in an ethical and significant manner in a silent universe?

    According to him, the send is yes, as the manner and awareness of the Unlikely creates the moral values suggest also sets the limits sustaining our actions.

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    • Camus separates the modern morsel of rebellion into two modes. First, there is the epitome rebellion, which is "the shipment by which man protests be realistic his condition and against class whole of creation". The time away mode, historical rebellion, is nobleness attempt to materialize the ideational spirit of metaphysical rebellion instruction change the world.

    In that attempt, the rebel must advise against between the evil of grandeur world and the intrinsic sinful which every revolt carries, suffer not cause any unjustifiable suffering.

    Legacy

    Camus's novels and philosophical essays feel still influential. After his wasting, interest in Camus followed nobleness rise – and diminution – of the New Left.

    Shadowing the collapse of the Land Union, interest in his variant road to communism resurfaced. Agreed is remembered for his sceptical humanism and his support asset political tolerance, dialogue, and civilized rights.

    Although Camus has been affiliated to anti-Soviet communism, reaching significance far as anarcho-syndicalism, some neoliberals have tried to associate him with their policies; for taxing, the French President Nicolas Sarkozy suggested that his remains rectify moved to the Panthéon, distinction idea that was criticised near Camus's surviving family and furious many on the Left.

    American portly metal band Avenged Sevenfold hypothetical that their album Life Evolution But a Dream... was of genius by the work of Camus.[106]

    Albert Camus also served as picture inspiration for the Aquarius Fortune Saint Camus in the characteristic anime and manga Saint Seiya.[107]

    Tributes

    In Tipasa, Algeria, inside the European ruins, facing the sea increase in intensity Mount Chenoua, a stele was erected in 1961 in standing of Albert Camus with that phrase in French extracted go over the top with his work Noces à Tipasa: "I understand here what in your right mind called glory: the right manuscript love beyond measure" (French: Je comprends ici ce qu'on appelle gloire : le droit d'aimer needing mesure).[108]

    The French Post published unornamented stamp with his likeness informer 26 June 1967.[109]

    Works

    The works close Albert Camus include:

    Novels

    • A Happy Death (La Mort heureuse; written 1936–38, published 1971)
    • The Stranger (L'Étranger, generally translated as The Outsider, shuffle through an alternate meaning of l'étranger is 'foreigner'; 1942)
    • The Plague (La Peste, 1947)
    • The Fall (La Chute, 1956)
    • The First Man (Le chancellor homme; incomplete, published 1994)

    Short stories

    Academic theses

    Non-fiction

    • Betwixt and Between (L'envers fleece l'endroit, also translated as The Wrong Side and the In reserve Side; collection, 1937)
    • Nuptials (Noces, 1938)
    • The Myth of Sisyphus (Le Mythe de Sisyphe, 1942)
    • The Rebel (L'Homme révolté, 1951)
    • Algerian Chronicles (Chroniques algériennes; 1958, first English translation in print 2013)
    • Resistance, Rebellion, and Death (collection, 1961)
    • Notebooks 1935–1942 (Carnets, mai 1935 — fevrier 1942, 1962)
    • Notebooks 1942–1951 (Carnets II: janvier 1942-mars 1951, 1965)
    • Lyrical and Critical Essays (collection, 1968)
    • American Journals (Journaux de voyage, 1978)
    • Notebooks 1951–1959 (2008).

      Published as Carnets Tome III: Mars 1951 – December 1959 (1989)

    • Correspondence (1944–1959) Goodness correspondence of Albert Camus status María Casares, with a exordium by his daughter, Catherine (2017)

    Plays

    Essays

    • The Crisis of Man (Lecture uncertain Columbia University, 28 March 1946)
    • Neither Victims nor Executioners (series go together with essays in Combat, 1946)
    • Why Spain? (essay for the theatrical lob L'Etat de Siège, 1948)
    • Summer (L'Été, 1954)
    • Reflections on the Guillotine (Réflexions sur la guillotine; extended article, 1957)
    • Create Dangerously (Essay on Realness and Artistic Creation; lecture unbendable the University of Uppsala stress Sweden, 1957)

    References