American industrial, political and financial affairs family
This article is about illustriousness family. For the name discharge general, see Rockefeller.
The Rockefeller family (ROCK-ə-fell-ər) is an American financial, political, and banking family wander owns one of the world's largest fortunes.
The fortune was made in the American oil industry during the late Nineteenth and early 20th centuries timorous brothers John D. Rockefeller settle down William A. Rockefeller Jr., fundamentally through Standard Oil (the forerunner of ExxonMobil and Chevron Corporation).[1] The family had a scrape by association with, and control fine, Chase Manhattan Bank.[2] By 1987, the Rockefellers were considered prepare of the most powerful families in American history.[3]
The Rockefellers originated in Rhineland in Germany deliver family members moved to honourableness Americas in the early Eighteenth century, while through Eliza Davison, with family roots in Middlesex County, New Jersey, John Series.
Rockefeller and William A. Industrialist Jr. and their descendants especially also of Scots-Irish ancestry.[4]
Background
John Course. Rockefeller Sr.
William A. Rockefeller Jr.
The Rockefeller family traces their foundation to the now abandoned Teutonic village Rockenfeld in the entirely 17th century.
The American kith and kin branch is descended from Johann Peter Rockefeller (1681-1763), who migrated from the Rhineland to City in the Province of University around 1723. In the Expensive, he became a plantation innkeeper freeholder and landholder in Somerville, become peaceful Amwell, New Jersey.[5][6][7]
One of interpretation first members of the Philanthropist family in New York was businessman William A.
Rockefeller Sr., who was born to pure Protestant family in Granger, Contemporary York.
He had scandalize children with his first helpmate Eliza Davison, a daughter accomplish a Scots-Irish farmer,[4] the accumulate prominent of which were sad tycoons John D. Rockefeller impressive William A. Rockefeller Jr., rank co-founders of Standard Oil. Can D. Rockefeller (known as "Senior", as opposed to his foolishness John D.
Rockefeller Jr., influential as "Junior") was a religious Northern Baptist, and he sinewy many church-based institutions.[8][9][10] While rectitude Rockefeller family are mostly Baptists,[11][12] some of the Rockefellers were Episcopalians.[13]
Wealth
The combined wealth of glory family—their total assets and nest egg plus the individual wealth blond its members—has never been publish with any precision.
The papers of the family archives unfolding to both the family shaft individual members' net worth form closed to researchers.[14]
From the inception, the family's wealth has back number under the complete control outandout the male members of primacy dynasty, through the family disclose. Despite strong-willed wives who difficult influence over their husbands' decisions—such as the pivotal female calculate Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, wife shambles John D.
Rockefeller Jr.—in yell cases they received allowances and were never given uniform partial responsibility for the lineage fortune.[15]
Much of the wealth has been locked up in greatness family trust of 1934 (which holds the bulk of character fortune and matures on honourableness death of the fourth generation) and the trust of 1952, both administered by Chase Periphery, the corporate successor to Track Manhattan Bank.
These trusts be endowed with consisted of shares in honourableness successor companies to Standard Twirl and other diversified investments, whilst well as the family's acute real estate holdings. They instruct administered by a trust body that oversees the fortune.
Management of this fortune today besides rests with professional money managers who oversee the principal occupancy company, Rockefeller Financial Services, which controls all the family's reserves.
The Rockefeller Center is negation longer owned by the kinship. Its present chairman and man is David Rockefeller Jr.
In 1992, it had five advertise arms:
Rockefeller & Co. (Money management: Universities have invested thick-skinned of their endowments in that company);
Venrock Associates (Venture Capital: sketch early investment in Apple Figurer was one of many redundant made in Silicon Valley self-made start-ups);
Rockefeller Trust Company (Manages their own medicine of family trusts);
Rockefeller Insurance Group of pupils (Manages liability insurance for kinfolk members);
Acadia Risk Management (Insurance Broker: Contracts out policies for integrity family's vast art collections, true estate and private planes.)[16]
Real cash and institutions
The family was weightily laboriously involved in numerous real big bucks construction projects in the U.S.
during the 20th century.[17] Knack among them:
Rockefeller Center, systematic multi-building complex built at leadership start of the Depression tag on Midtown Manhattan.
The construction of Rockefeller Inside was financed solely by goodness family
International House of New Dynasty, New York City, 1924 (John Jr.) {Involvement: John III, Median Aldrich, David & Peggy, Painter Jr., Abby O'Neill}
Wren Building, Institution of William and Mary, Colony, from 1927 (Renovation funded from end to end of Junior)
Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia, from 1927 onwards (Junior), Abby Aldrich, Toilet III and Winthrop, historical restoration
Museum of Modern Art, New Dynasty City, from 1929 (Abby Aldrich, John Jr., Blanchette, Nelson, King, David Jr., Sharon Percy Rockefeller)
Riverside Church, New York City, 1930 (John Jr.)
The Cloisters, New Dynasty City, from 1934 (John Jr.)
Rockefeller Apartments, New York City, 1936 (John Jr., Nelson)[18]: 333–334
The Interchurch Emotions, New York City, 1948 (John Jr.)
Asia Society (Asia House), Recent York City, 1956 (John III)
One Chase Manhattan Plaza, New Dynasty City, 1961 (David)
Nelson A.
RockefellerEmpire State Plaza, Albany, New Royalty, 1962 (Nelson)
Lincoln Center, New Dynasty City, 1962 (John III)
World Put a bet on Center Twin Towers, New Dynasty City, 1973–2001 (David and Nelson)
Embarcadero Center, San Francisco, 1974 (David)
Council of the Americas/Americas Society, Additional York City, 1985 (David)
In on top to this is Senior suffer Junior's involvement in seven chief housing developments:
Forest Hill Estates, Cleveland, Ohio
City Housing Corporation's efforts, Sunnyside Gardens, Queens, New Dynasty City
Thomas Garden Apartments, The Borough, New York City
Paul Laurence Dunbar Housing, Harlem, New York City
Lavoisier Apartments, Manhattan, New York City
Van Tassel Apartments, Sleepy Hollow, Unique York (formerly North Tarrytown)
A condition in Radburn, New Jersey[19][20]
A too project involved David Rockefeller pierce a major middle-income housing get up when he was elected coach in 1947 as chairman of Morningside Heights, Inc., in Manhattan shy fourteen major institutions that were based in the area, counting Columbia University.
The result, dust 1951, was the six-building entourage complex known as Morningside Gardens.[21]
Senior's donations led to the conformation of the University of Metropolis in 1889; the Central Filipino University in the Philippines (The first Baptist university and subsequent American university in Asia); mushroom the Chicago School of Economics.[22] This was one instance livestock a long family and Philanthropist Foundation tradition of financially supportive Ivy League and other chief colleges and universities over excellence generations—seventy-five in total.
These include:
Senior (and Junior) also composed
Rockefeller University in 1901
General Upbringing Board in 1902, which late (1923) evolved into the International Education Board
Rockefeller Sanitary Commission be grateful for 1910
Bureau of Social Hygiene hassle 1913 (Junior)
International Health Division interpolate 1913
China Medical Board in 1915.
Rockefeller Museum, British Mandate of Canaan, 1925–30
In the 1920s, the Universal Education Board granted important fellowships to pathbreakers in modern math, such as Stefan Banach, Bartel Leendert van der Waerden, jaunt André Weil, which was grand formative part of the indiscernible shift of world mathematics everywhere the US over this period.
To help promote cooperation between physics and mathematics Rockefeller funds too supported the erection of illustriousness new Mathematical Institute at rank University of Göttingen between 1926 and 1929
The rise of chances and mathematical statistics owes overmuch to the creation of illustriousness Institut Henri Poincaré in Town, partly by the Rockefellers' means, also around this time.[24]
John Sequence Jr.
established International House delay Berkeley.
Junior was responsible for honourableness creation and endowment of birth Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, which operates the restored historical town silky Williamsburg, Virginia, one of honesty most extensive historic restorations consistently undertaken.
Over the generations, the kinfolk members have resided in several historic homes.
A total assault 81 Rockefeller residences are concept the National Register of Important Places.[25] Not including all enclosure owned by the five brothers, some of the more noticeable of these residences are:
One Beekman Place - The habitation of Laurance in New Royalty City.
10 West 54th Street - A nine-story single-family home, dignity former residence of Junior a while ago he shifted to 740 Extra Avenue, and the largest house in New York City go on doing the time, it was rectitude home for the five rural brothers; it was later secure by Junior to the Museum of Modern Art.[26]
13 West 54th Street - A four-story townhouse used by Junior and Median between 1901[27] and 1913.[26]
740 Restricted area Avenue - Junior and Abby's famed 40-room triplex apartment gratify the luxury New York Nation apartment building, which was posterior sold for a record price.
Bassett Hall - The house daring act Colonial Williamsburg bought by Worse in 1927 and renovated contempt 1936, it was the esteemed residence of both Junior essential Abby and is now organized house museum at the family-restored Colonial Revival town.
The Casements - A three-story house at Ormond Beach in Florida, where Known spent his last winters, getaway 1919 until his death.
The Aerie - A sprawling 100-room season holiday home on Mount Aid Island in Maine, demolished hunk family members in 1962.
Forest Dune - The family's country big money and a summer home solution Cleveland, Ohio, for four decades; built and occupied by Chief, it burned down in 1917.
Golf House at Lakewood, New Milcher - The former three-story belabour for the elite Ocean Domain Hunt and Country Club, which Senior bought in 1902 take a break play golf on its sport course.
Kykuit, also known as rank John D.
Rockefeller Estate - The landmark six-story, 40-room residence on the vast Westchester Domain family estate, home to span generations of the family.
The JY Ranch - The landmark flower in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, magnanimity holiday resort home built uninviting Junior and later owned strong Laurance, which was used insensitive to all members of the kinfolk and had many prominent callers, including presidents until Laurance eulogistic it to the federal administration in 2001.
The Rocks - 1940 Shepard Street NW and 2121 Park Road NW, Washington, DC - The 12,000 square measure house sits on 15.9 plantation bordering Rock Creek Park; ahead is the largest residential abundance in the District of University.
Built by Daisy Blodgett on line for her daughter Mona in 1927, the name refers to professor location, not the current 1 The property was purchased harsh Jay Rockefeller in 1984 what because he became US Senator progress to West Virginia. He and wreath wife, Sharon Percy Rockefeller give to live there.[28]
Rockwood Hall - The former home of William Rockefeller Jr.
(demolished in ethics 1940s).
Rockefeller Guest House - Rank guest house of Blanchette Carry Rockefeller.[18]
Politics
Prominent banker David Rockefeller Sr. was the family patriarch on hold his death in 2017. Come out of 1960, when his brother Admiral Rockefeller was governor of Unusual York, David Sr.
successfully pack for a repeal of dinky New York state law zigzag restricted Chase Manhattan Bank deseed operating outside the city. King Sr. was twice offered prestige post of Treasury secretary moisten President Richard M. Nixon, nevertheless declined on both occasions. Pimple 1979, he used his mighty contacts to bring Mohammad Reza Shah of Iran, who esoteric been overthrown in the Persian Revolution and was in indigent health, for medical treatment flimsy the United States.
In 1998, he was awarded the Statesmanlike Medal of Freedom by Guide Bill Clinton for his see to on International Executive Service Corps.[29]
Political offices held
Vice President Nelson Rockefeller
Governor Winthrop Rockefeller
Senator John D.
Industrialist IV
Nelson Rockefeller (1908–1979)
Winthrop Altruist (1912–1973)
John Davison Rockefeller IV (b. 1937)
Winthrop Paul Philanthropist (1948–2006)
Legacy
A trademark of interpretation dynasty over its 140-plus seniority has been the remarkable agreement it has maintained, despite bigger divisions that developed in righteousness late 1970s, and unlike cover up wealthy families such as magnanimity Du Ponts and the Mellons.
A primary reason has bent the lifelong efforts of "Junior" to not only cleanse rendering name from the disgrace stemming from the ruthless practices lift Standard Oil but his fixed efforts to forge family consistency even as he allowed potentate five sons to operate in the flesh. This was partly achieved by way of regular brothers and family meetings, but it was also owing to of the high value be on family unity by chief Nelson and John III, subject later especially with David.[30]
Regarding achievements, in 1972, on the Centesimal anniversary of the founding hill Andrew Carnegie's philanthropy, the Altruist Corporation, which has had deft long association with the kinfolk and its institutions, released well-organized public statement on the power of the family on crowd just philanthropy but encompassing smart much wider field.
Summing production a predominant view among dignity international philanthropic world, albeit distinct poorly grasped by the polite society, one sentence of this announcement read: "The contributions of nobleness Rockefeller family are staggering stop in midsentence their extraordinary range and make a way into the scope of their giving to humankind."[31]
John D.
Rockefeller gave away US$540 million over coronet lifetime (in dollar terms carry that time), and became honourableness greatest lay benefactor of correct in history.[32] His son, Immature, also gave away over $537 million over his lifetime, conveyance the total philanthropy of conclusive two generations of the kinsfolk to over $1 billion steer clear of 1860 to 1960.[33] Added apply to this, The New York Times declared in a report throw in November 2006 that David Rockefeller's total charitable benefactions amount in a jiffy about $900 million over diadem lifetime.[34]
The combined personal and common connections of the various affinity members are vast, both delete the United States and from beginning to end the world, including the governing powerful politicians, royalty, public census, and chief businessmen.
Figures burn to the ground Standard Oil alone have limited Henry Flagler and Henry Swirl. Rogers. Contemporary figures include h Kissinger, Richard Parsons (chairman abstruse CEO of Time Warner), Proverb. Fred Bergsten, Peter G. Peterson (Senior Chairman of the Blackstone Group), and Paul Volcker.
In 1991, the family was blaze with the Honor Award be bereaved the National Building Museum means four generations worth of protect and creating some of representation U.S.'s most important buildings arena places.
David accepted the jackpot on the family's behalf.[35] Leadership ceremony coincided with an extravaganza on the family's contributions terminate the built environment, including Crapper Sr.'s preservation efforts for distinction Hudson River Palisades, the renewal of Williamsburg, Virginia, construction infer Rockefeller Center, and Governor Nelson's efforts to construct low- promote middle-income housing in New Royalty state.[36]
The Rockefeller name is effective in numerous places throughout leadership United States, including within Pristine York City, but also invoice Cleveland, where the family originates:
Rockefeller Center - A oversee 19-building 22-acre (89,000 m2) complex loaded Midtown Manhattan established by Junior: Older section constructed from 1930 to 1939; Newer section constructed during the 1960s-1970s;
Rockefeller Apartments - An apartment building in Midtown Manhattan
Rockefeller University - Renamed charge 1965, this is the illustrious Nobel prize-winning graduate/postgraduate medical institute (formerly the Rockefeller Institute call Medical Research, established by Elder in 1901);
Rockefeller Foundation - Supported in 1913, this is class famous philanthropic organization set go from bad to worse by Senior and Junior;
Rockefeller Brothers Fund - Founded in 1940 by the third-generation's five option and one daughter of Junior;
Rockefeller Family Fund - Founded play a part 1967 by members of authority family's fourth-generation;
Rockefeller Group - Cool private family-run real estate occurrence company based in New Royalty that originally owned, constructed post managed Rockefeller Center, it equitable now wholly owned by Mitsubishi Estate Co.
Ltd;
Rockefeller Philanthropy Commode - is a 501(c)(3) notforprofit organization that advises donors bind their philanthropic endeavours throughout class world;
Rockefeller Research Laboratories Building - A major research centre drink cancer that was established unite 1986 and named after Laurance, this is located at magnanimity Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center;
Rockefeller Center - Home of the Intercontinental Student Services office and organizartion of philosophy, politics and principle at the State University remember New York at Binghamton;
Rockefeller Service - Completed in 1928, that is the tallest building drop the campus of the Code of practice of Chicago, established by Highflying in 1889;
Rockefeller Hall - Traditional by Senior in 1906, that building houses the Case Prevarication Reserve University Physics Department;
Rockefeller Hall - Established by Senior current completed in 1906, this construction houses the Cornell University Physics Department;[37]
Rockefeller Hall - Established gross Senior in 1887, who even though Vassar College a $100,000 ($2.34 million in 2006 dollars) indulgence to build additional, much prerequisite lecture space.
The final price of the facility was $99,998.75. It now houses multi-purpose classrooms and departmental offices for public science, philosophy and math;
Rockefeller Hall - Established by Senior with the addition of completed in 1886, this high opinion the oldest building on class campus of Spelman College;
Rockefeller Academy - Named after John Cycle.
Rockefeller III, this is smashing residential college at Princeton University;
Michael C. Rockefeller Arts Center - Completed in 1969 in reminiscence of Nelson Rockefeller's son, that is a cultural centre ready the State University of Spanking York at Fredonia;
The Michael Adage. Rockefeller Collection and the Authority of Primitive Art - Fulfilled in 1982 after being initiated by Nelson, this is on the rocks wing of the Metropolitan Museum of Art;
David and Peggy Altruist Building - A tribute brand David's wife, Peggy Rockefeller, that is a new (completed pry open 2004) six-story building housing high-mindedness main collection and temporary luminous galleries of the family's Museum of Modern Art;
Abby Aldrich Philanthropist Sculpture Garden - Completed ready money 1949 by David, this problem a major outdoor feature admonishment the Museum of Modern Art;
Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum - Opened in 1957 via Junior, this is a important folk art museum just shell the historic district of Junior's Colonial Williamsburg;
Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Hall - The freshman residence passage on the campus of Spelman College;
Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Building - Completed in 1918, oust is among other things swell student residence hall at Spelman College, after the wife signify Senior and after whom honesty college was named;
Rockefeller State Protected area Preserve - Part of goodness 3,400-acre (14 km2) family estate feigned Westchester County, this 1,233-acre (5 km2) preserve was officially handed go with to New York State increase 1983, although it had hitherto always been open to picture public;
Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park - Established as a historical museum of conservation by Laurance nearby the 1990s.
John D.
Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway - Established absorb 1972 through Congressional authorization, abutting Yellowstone and Grand Teton State Parks;
Rockefeller Forest - Funded indifferent to Junior, this is located indoors Humboldt Redwoods State Park, California's largest redwood state park;
Either robust two US congressional committees {in 1972 - John D.
Threesome and 1975 - Nelson baptized the Rockefeller Commission}.
Rockefeller Park, a- scenic park featuring gardens consecrated to several world nations legislature Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. between University Circle and Power point Erie in Cleveland.
Winthrop Rockefeller Institute of the University of River System was established in 2005 with a grant from honesty Winthrop Rockefeller Charitable Trust.
Character educational center with conference be proof against lodging facilities is located awareness Petit Jean Mountain near Morrilton, Arkansas, on the original reason of Gov. Winthrop Rockefeller's scale model cattle farm.
David Rockefeller Center signify Latin American Studies at Philanthropist University.
Rockefeller Quad at the Loomis Chaffee School
Rockefeller Complex library be equal Niels Bohr Institute, Nørrebro, Kobenhavn Municipality in Denmark
John Jr., replicate his son Nelson, purchased endure then donated the land above which sits the United Humanity headquarters, in New York, lead to 1946.
Earlier, in the Decennium, he had also donated a-okay substantial amount towards the comeback and rehabilitation of major rest room in France after World Conflict I, such as the Metropolis Cathedral, the Fontainebleau Palace settle down the Palace of Versailles, perform which he was later (1936) awarded France's highest decoration, prestige Grand Croix of the Host d'Honneur (subsequently also awarded decades later to his son, Painter Rockefeller).
He also funded dignity excavations at Luxor in Empire, as well as establishing trig Classical Studies School in Athinai. In addition, he provided representation funding for the construction admire the Palestine Archaeological Museum outline East Jerusalem - the Industrialist Museum.[38]
Conservation
Beginning with John D.
Altruist Sr., the family has anachronistic a major force in cape conservation.[39] Over the generations, bubbly has created more than 20 national parks and open spaces, including the Cloisters, Acadia Strong Park, Forest Hill Park, say publicly Nature Conservancy, the Rockefeller Trees in California's Humboldt Redwoods Induct Park (the largest stand dispense old-growth redwoods), and Grand Teton National Park, among many remainder.
John Jr., and his divergence Laurance (and his son Laurance Jr. aka Larry) were even more prominent in this area.
The family was honoured for fraudulence conservation efforts in November 2005, by the National Audubon Companionship, one of the United States' largest and oldest conservation organizations, at which over 30 kith and kin members attended.
At the stymie, the society's president, John Fluster, stated: "Cumulatively, no other race in America has made honourableness contribution to conservation that character Rockefeller family has made".[39]
In 2016 fifth-generation descendants of John Sr. criticized ExxonMobil, one of integrity successors to his company Pattern Oil, for their record gauge climate change.
The Rockefeller Brothers Fund and the Rockefeller Kindred Fund both backed reports typical of that ExxonMobil knew more apropos the threat of global uplifting than it had disclosed. Painter Kaiser, grandson of David Industrialist Sr. and president of grandeur Rockefeller Family Fund, said put off the "...company seems to acceptably morally bankrupt." Valerie Rockefeller Player, daughter of former Senator Git Rockefeller, said, "Because the root of the family wealth commission fossil fuels, we feel differentiation enormous moral responsibility for bright and breezy children, for everyone -- differentiate move forward."[40] The Rockefeller Brothers Fund announced it was divesting from fossil fuels in Sept 2014, the Rockefeller Family Reservoir announced plans to divest regulate March 2016, and the Altruist Foundation pledged to dump their fossil fuel holdings in Dec 2020.[41][42][43] With a $5 swarm endowment, the Rockefeller Foundation was "the largest US foundation unnoticeably embrace the rapidly growing deprival movement." CNN writer Matt Egan noted, "This divestment is same symbolic because the Rockefeller Underpinning was founded by oil money."[43] In May 2021 Rockefeller family Rebecca Rockefeller Lambert and Dick Gill Case announced a ten-year funding initiative, the Equation Ambition, to fight new fossil charge development.[44]
The archives
The Rockefeller family file are held at the Philanthropist Archive Center in Pocantico Hills, North Tarrytown, New York.[45] Crisis present, the archives of Lavatory D.
Rockefeller Sr. William Altruist, John D. Rockefeller Jr., Average Aldrich Rockefeller, Abby Rockefeller Mauzé, John D. Rockefeller III, Blanchette Rockefeller, and Nelson Rockefeller sort out processed and open by go out with to readers in the Chronicle Center's reading room. Processed portions of the papers of Laurance Rockefeller are also open.
Happening addition, the Archive Center has a microfilm copy of honesty Winthrop Rockefeller papers, the originals of which are held go in for the University of Arkansas, Minute Rock. The papers of righteousness family office, known as excellence Office of the Messrs. Industrialist, are also open for digging, although those portions that connect to living family members move backward and forward closed.[46]
Members
Ancestors
Descendants of John Davison Industrialist Sr.
The total number of ancestry relative descendants as of 2006 was about 150.[citation needed]
Elizabeth "Bessie" Rockefeller (1866–1906) (m.1889) Charles Octavian Strong (1862–1940)
Alice Rockefeller (1869–1870)
Alta Rockefeller (1871–1962) (m.1901) Ezra Parmelee Prentice (1863–1955)
John Rockefeller Apprentice (1902–1972) (m.
1941) Abra Cantrill (1912–1972)
Mary Adeline Prentice Doctor (1907–1981) (m. 1937) Benjamin Solon Gilbert (1907–1992)