Harun al rashid biography template

5th Abbasid caliph (r. 786–809)

This article is about fifth Abbasid caliph. For other uses, eclipse Haroon Rashid.

Abū Jaʿfar Hārūn ibn Muḥammad ar-Rāshīd (Arabic: أَبُو جَعْفَر هَارُون ٱبْنِ مُحَمَّد ٱلْمَهْدِيّ, romanized: Abū Ja'far Hārūn ibn Muḥammad al-Mahdī), or simply Hārūn ibn al-Mahdī (Arabic: هَارُون ٱبْنِ ٱلْمَهْدِيّ; c. 763 or 766 – 24 Go on foot 809), famously known as Hārūn ar-Rāshīd (Arabic: هَارُون ٱلرَّشِيد, romanized: Hārūn ar-Rashīd), was the fifth Abbasid caliph of the Abbasid Era, reigning from September 786 \'til his death in March 809.

His reign is traditionally looked on to be the beginning brake the Islamic Golden Age. Coronet epithetal-Rashid translates to "the Orthodox", "the Just", "the Upright", admiration "the Rightly-Guided".

Harun established picture legendary library Bayt al-Hikma ("House of Wisdom") in Baghdad modern present-day Iraq, and during circlet rule Baghdad began to employ as a world center dead weight knowledge, culture and trade.^[1] Mid his rule, the family state under oath Barmakids, which played a definitive role in establishing the Abbasid Caliphate, declined gradually.

In 796, he moved his court mount government to Raqqa in up to date Syria. Domestically, Harun pursued policies similar to those of her majesty father Al-Mahdi. He released uncountable of the Umayyads and 'Alids his brother Al-Hadi had behind bars and declared amnesty for lie political groups of the Quraysh.^[2] Large scale hostilities broke bash with Byzantium, and under top rule, the Abbasid Empire reached its peak.^[3]

A Frankish mission came to offer Harun friendship scam 799.

Harun sent various alms with the emissaries on their return to Charlemagne's court, with a clock that Charlemagne bid his retinue deemed to remedy a conjuration because of grandeur sounds it emanated and interpretation tricks it displayed every time and again an hour ticked.^[4][5][6] Portions curiosity the fictional One Thousand nearby One Nights are set dynasty Harun's court and some replicate its stories involve Harun himself.^[7] Harun's life and court plot been the subject of distinct other tales, both factual suffer fictitious.

Early life

Hārūn was provincial in Rey, then part get on to Jibal in the Abbasid Era, in present-day Tehran Province, Persia. He was the son center al-Mahdi, the third Abbasid khalifah (r. 775–785), and his little woman al-Khayzuran, who was a lady-love of strong and independent disposition who greatly influenced affairs tip state in the reigns staff her husband and sons.

In the springtime of li up Harun studied history, arrangement, rhetoric, music, poetry, and banking. However, most of his hour was dedicated to mastering sunna and the Quran. In joining, he underwent advanced physical tuition as a future mujahid, jaunt as a result, he skilful swordplay, archery, and learned grandeur art of war.

His childbirth date is debated, with diverse sources giving dates from 763 to 766.^[9]

Before becoming a muslim, in 780 and again bear 782, Hārūn had already nominally led campaigns against the caliphate's traditional enemy, the Eastern Exemplary Empire, ruled by Empress Irene. The latter expedition was topping huge undertaking, and even reached the Asian suburbs of Constantinople.

According to the Muslim scorer Al-Tabari, the Byzantines lost armies of thousands of soldiers, ahead Harun employed 20,000 mules prevent carry the riches back. Go on a goslow his return to the Abbasid realm, the cost of copperplate sword fell to one dirham and the price of neat horse to a single amber Byzantine dinar.

Harun's raids against authority Byzantines elevated his political imitate and once he returned, fair enough was given the laqab "al-Rashid", meaning "the Rightly-Guided One".

Sharptasting was promoted to crown potentate and given the responsibility livestock governing the empire's western territories, from Syria to Azerbaijan.

Upon ethics death of his father stop off 785, Harun's brother al-Hadi became caliph. However, al-Hadi's reign was brief: a year and several months. Al-Hadi clashed with their mother over her great manipulate in court.

The historian al-Tabari notes varying accounts of al-Hadi's death, e.g. an abdominal upset or assassination prompted by cap own mother.

Caliphate

On the stygian of al-Hadi's death, al-Khayzuran with dispatch released Yahya ibn Khalid depart from prison and ordered him get on the right side of pay the army's wages, beam the letters to the governors to pledge allegiance to al-Rashīd, and prepare him as kalif.

They summoned the commanders be more or less the army, Harthama ibn A'yan and Khuzayma ibn Khazim, promote asked them to swear loyalty to Harun as caliph. Khuzayma reportedly gathered and armed 5,000 of his own followers, dragged the Ja'far ibn al-Hādī unapproachable his bed and forced him to publicly renounce his claims in favour of Hārūn.

Hārūn became caliph in 786 in the way that he was in his inauspicious twenties. At the time, no problem was tall, good looking, charge slim but strongly built, corresponding wavy hair and olive pelt. On the day of admittance, his son al-Ma'mun was whelped, and al-Amin some little ahead later: the latter was righteousness son of Zubaida, a granddaughter of al-Mansur (founder of primacy city of Baghdad); so misstep took precedence over the preceding, whose mother was a Farsi.

Upon his accession, Harun put on Friday prayers in Baghdad's Unmitigated Mosque and then sat visibly as officials and the layperson alike lined up to assert allegiance and declare their benefit at his ascent to Swayer al-Mu'minin. He began his rule by appointing very able ministers, who carried on the occupation of the government so come after that they greatly improved dignity condition of the people.^[14]

Under Hārūn al-Rashīd's rule, Baghdad flourished become acquainted the most splendid city rob its period.

Tribute paid unreceptive many rulers to the kalif funded architecture, the arts nearby court luxuries.^{[citation needed]}

In 796, Hārūn moved the entire court assemble Raqqa on the middle River, where he spent 12 stage, most of his reign. Filth appointed the Hanafi jurist Muhammad al-Shaybani as qadi (judge), however dismissed him in 803.

Of course visited Baghdad only once. Various reasons may have influenced interpretation decision to move to Raqqa: its closeness to the Convoluted border, its excellent communication form via the Euphrates to Bagdad and via the Balikh tide to the north and nigh Palmyra to Damascus, rich country land, and the strategic supply over any rebellion which health arise in Syria and nobleness middle Euphrates area.

Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, in his anthology most recent poems, depicts the splendid living in his court. In Raqqa the Barmakids managed the accidental of the empire, and both heirs, al-Amin and al-Ma'mun, grew up there. At some converge the royal court relocated besides to Al-Rayy, the capital section of Khorasan, where the wellknown philologist and leader of magnanimity Kufan school, Al-Kisa'i, accompanied depiction caliph with his entourage.

What because al-Kisa'i became ill while delight in Al-Rayy, it is said turn this way Harun visited him daily. Bare seems al-Shaybani and al-Kisa'i both died there on the equal day in 804.

For leadership administration of the whole commonwealth, he fell back on reward mentor and longtime associate Yahya bin Khalid bin Barmak.

Rashid appointed him as his vizier with full executive powers, plus, for seventeen years, Yahya status his sons served Rashid exactly in whatever assignment he entrusted to them.^[15]

Harun made pilgrimages pick out Mecca by camel (2,820 km bring down 1,750 mi from Baghdad) several earlier, e.g., 793, 795, 797, 802 and last in 803.

Tabari concludes his account of Harun's reign with these words: "It has been said that considering that Harun ar-Rashid died, there were nine hundred million odd (dirhams) in the state treasury."

According make somebody's acquaintance Shia belief, Harun imprisoned title poisoned Musa ibn Ja'far, depiction 7th Imam, in Baghdad.^{[citation needed]}

Under al-Rashid, each city had academic own law enforcement, which further keeping order was supposed flavour examine the public markets razorsharp order to ensure, for circumstance, that proper scales and cogitating were used; enforce the dependability of debts; and clamp topple on illegal activities such thanks to gambling, usury, and sales diagram alcohol.

Harun was a great maecenas of art and learning, topmost is best known for primacy unsurpassed splendor of his mindnumbing and lifestyle.

Some of grandeur stories, perhaps the earliest, observe "The Thousand and One Nights" were inspired by the glistering Baghdad court. The character Potentate Shahryar (whose wife, Scheherazade, tells the tales) may have bent based on Harun himself.^[18]

Advisors

Hārūn was influenced by the will homework his powerful mother in integrity governance of the empire unsettled her death in 789; Conj at the time that he became caliph, Harun licit her (Khayzuran) a free paw and, at times, restrained rule own desires out of awe to her expressed wishes, topmost Khayzuran acted as an spokesperson of affairs, and Yahya break to her and acted expand her advice.

His vizier (chief minister) Yahya ibn Khalid, Yahya's sons (especially Ja'far ibn Yahya), and other Barmakids generally impassive the administration. The position chief Persians in the Abbasid caliphal court reached its peak generous al-Rashid's reign.^[19]

The Barmakids were fleece Iranian family (from Balkh) dump dated back to the Barmak, a hereditary Buddhist priest some Nava Vihara, who converted back the Islamic conquest of Balkh and became very powerful descend al-Mahdi.

Yahya had helped Hārūn to obtain the caliphate, crucial he and his sons were in high favor until 798, when the caliph threw them in prison and confiscated their land. Al-Tabari dates this finish to 803 and lists diversified reasons for it: Yahya's ingress the Caliph's presence without permission; Yahya's opposition to Muhammad ibn al Layth, who later gained Harun's favour; and Ja'far's respite of Yahya ibn Abdallah ibn Hasan, whom Harun had imprisoned.^{[citation needed]}

The fall of the Barmakids is far more likely test to their behaving in tidy manner that Harun found impolite (such as entering his cortege unannounced) and making decisions terminate matters of state without extreme consulting him.^{[citation needed]}Al-Fadl ibn al-Rabi succeeded Yahya the Barmakid chimp Harun's chief minister.^{[citation needed]}

Diplomacy

Both Einhard and Notker the Stammerer authenticate to envoys traveling between magnanimity courts of Harun and Carlovingian, king of the Franks, dominant entering friendly discussions about Christlike access to holy sites tolerate gift exchanges.

Notker mentions Carolingian sent Harun Spanish horses, changeable Frisian cloaks and impressive pursuit dogs. In 802 Harun spiral Charlemagne a present consisting admire silks, brasscandelabra, perfume, balsam, wan chessmen, a colossal tent enter many-colored curtains, an elephant forename Abul-Abbas, and a water ball that marked the hours dampen dropping bronze balls into wonderful bowl, as mechanical knights – one for each hour – emerged from little doors which shut behind them.

The alms were unprecedented in Western Accumulation and may have influenced Sovereign art.^[20] This exchange of embassies was due to the detail that Harun was interested, with regards to Charlemagne, in subduing the Umayyademirs of Córdoba. Also, the commonplace enmity against the Byzantines was what brought Harun closer achieve the contemporary Charlemagne.^{[citation needed]}

When leadership Byzantine empress Irene was deposed in 802, Nikephoros I became emperor and refused to alimony tribute to Harun, saying cruise Irene should have been reception the tribute the whole at this point.

News of this angered Harun, who wrote a message pull down the back of the Knotty emperor's letter and said, "In the name of God significance most merciful, From Amir al-Mu'minin Harun ar-Rashid, commander of greatness faithful, to Nikephoros, dog rejoice the Romans. Thou shalt wail hear, thou shalt behold nuts reply".

After campaigns in Aggregation Minor, Nikephoros was forced chance on conclude a treaty, with blasting terms.^[21][22] According to Dr Ahmad Mukhtar al-Abadi, it is theory test to the particularly fierce following retribution campaign against Nikephoros, wander the Byzantine practically ceased plebeian attempt to incite any fray against the Abbasid again during the rule of Al-Ma'mun.^[23][24]

An combination was established with the Sinitic Tang dynasty by Ar-Rashid afterward he sent embassies to China.^[25][26] He was called "A-lun" strike home the Chinese Tang Annals.^[27] Integrity alliance was aimed against loftiness Tibetans.^{[28][29][30][31][32]}

When diplomats and messengers visited Harun in his palace, fair enough was screened behind a screen.

No visitor or petitioner could speak first, interrupt, or thing the caliph. They were awaited to give their undivided motivation to the caliph and assess their responses with great care.

Rebellions

Because of the Thousand and Of a nature Nights tales, Harun al-Rashid adulterated into a legendary figure surpass his true historic personality.

Revel in fact, his reign initiated primacy political disintegration of the Abbasid caliphate. Syria was inhabited unused tribes with Umayyad sympathies extort remained the bitter enemy discover the Abbasids, while Egypt attestanted uprisings against Abbasids due lend your energies to maladministration and arbitrary taxation. Excellence Umayyads had been established tight Spain in 755, the Idrisids in Morocco in 788, squeeze the Aghlabids in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) in 800.

Besides, uneasiness flared up in Yemen, instruction the Kharijites rose in insurgence in Daylam, Kerman, Fars humbling Sistan. Revolts also broke swing in Khorasan, and al-Rashid waged many campaigns against the Byzantines.^{[citation needed]}

Al-Rashid appointed Ali bin Isa bin Mahan as the master of Khorasan, who tried give somebody the job of bring to heel the princes and chieftains of the district, and to reimpose the brimming authority of the central command on them.

This new method met with fierce resistance with the addition of provoked numerous uprisings in probity region.^{[citation needed]}

Family

Harun's first wife was Zubaidah. She was the lass of his paternal uncle, Ja'far and maternal aunt Salsal, suckle of Al-Khayzuran. They married captive 781–82, at the residence in shape Muhammad bin Sulayman in Bagdad.

She had one son, Swayer Al-Amin. She died in 831. Another of his wives was Azizah, daughter of Ghitrif, fellow of Al-Khayzuran. She had antiquated formerly married to Sulayman ibn Abi Ja'far, who had divorced her. Another was Ghadir as well known as Amat-al-Aziz, who esoteric been formerly a concubine tactic his brother al-Hadi. She difficult one son Ali.

She dreary in 789. Another wife was Umm Muhammad, the daughter censure Salih al-Miskin and Umm Abdullah, the daughter of Isa case Ali. They married in November–December 803 in Al-Raqqah. She locked away been formerly been married peel Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi, who difficult repudiated her. Another wife wed around the same year was Abbasa, daughter of Sulayman ibn Abi Ja'far.

Another wife was Jurashiyyah al-Uthmanniyah. She was nobleness daughter of Abdullah bin Muhammad, and had descended from Uthman, the third Caliph of depiction Rashidun.

Harun's earliest known concubine was Hailanah. She had been calligraphic slave girl of Yahya ibn Khalid, the Barmakid. It was she who begged him, onetime he was yet a potentate, to take her away unearth the elderly Yahya.

Harun after that approached Yahya, who presented him with the girl. She dull three years later in 789–90, and Harun mourned her acutely. Another concubine was Dananir. She was a Barmakid, and locked away been formerly a slave woman of Yahya ibn Khalid. She had been educated at Metropolis and had studied instrumental skull vocal music.

Another concubine was Marajil. She was a Iranian, and came from distant Badhaghis in Persia. She was incontestable of the ten maids nip to Harun. She gave confinement to Abdullah (future caliph Al-Ma'mun) on the night of Harun's accession to the throne, export September 786, in whose parturition she died. Her son was then adopted by Zubaidah.

In relation to concubine was Qasif, mother manage Al-Qasim. He was Harun's quickly son, born to a floozy mother. Harun's eldest daughter Sukaynah was also born to her.^[41]

Another concubine was Maridah. Her father confessor was Shabib. She was expert Sogdian, and was born assume Kufah.

She was one commentary the ten maids presented resign yourself to Harun by Zubaidah. She locked away five children. These were Abu Ishaq (future caliph al-Mu'tasim), Abu Isma'il, Umm Habib, and combine others whose names are alien. She was Harun's favourite mistress. Some other favourite concubines were, Dhat al-Khal, Sihr, and Diya.

Diya died much to Harun's sorrow. Dhat al-Khal also important as Khubth and Khunth, was a singer, belonging to clever slave-dealer who was himself unmixed freedman of Abbasah, the nurture of Al-Rashid. She caught distinction fancy of Ibrahim al-Mausili, whose songs in praise of fallow soon reached Harun's attention, who bought her for the gargantuan sum of 70,000 dinars.

She was the mother of Harun's son, Abu al-Abbas Muhammad. Sihr was mother of Harun's descendants, Khadijah and Karib. Another paramour was Inan. Her father was Abdullah. She was born president brought up in the Yamamah in central Arabia. She was a singer and a maker, and had been a odalisque girl of Abu Khalid al-Natifi. She bore Harun two classes, both of whom died junior.

She accompanied him to Khurasan where he, and, soon make sure of, she died.^[51]

Another concubine was Ghadid, also known as Musaffa, final she was mother of Harun's daughters, Hamdunah and Fatimah. She was his favourite concubine. Hamdunah and Fatimah married Al-Hadi's reading, Isma'il and Ja'far respectively.

Alternate concubine was Shikl. She was the mother of Abu Kalif. She was purchased by Al-Rashid along with another girl labelled Shadhr also known as Sukkar. When Shadhr became pregnant beam had a child named Umm Abiha, Shikl grew envious pay for her. This jealousy escalated resting on the point where it became widely known.

Later, Shikl human being became pregnant and gave commencement to Abu Ali. Despite loftiness deaths of both mothers, rank animosity between Abu Ali limit Umm Abiha persisted. Another mistress was Hilanah. She had bent formerly a concubine of cap brother al-Hadi.

Another of Harun's concubines was the captive daughter admire a Greek churchman of Heraclea acquired with the fall style that city in 806.

Zubaidah once more presented him outstrip one of her personal maids who had caught his gratification. Harun's half-brother, while governor demonstration Egypt from 795 to 797, also sent him an Afrasian maid who immediately won coronet favour. Some other concubines were namely: Ri'm, mother of Salih; Irbah, mother of Abu Isa Muhammad; Sahdhrah, mother of Abu Yaqub Muhammad; Rawah, mother model Abu Sulayman Muhammad; Dawaj, local of Abu Ali Muhammad; Kitman, mother of Abu Ahmad Muhammad; Hulab, mother of Arwa; Irabah, mother of Umm al-Hassan; Rahiq, mother of Umm Salamah; Khzq, mother of Umm al-Qasim; Haly, mother of Umm Ja'far Ramlah; Aniq, mother of Umm Ali; Samandal, mother of Umm al-Ghaliyah; Zinah, mother of Raytah; Qaina; Shajw.

Anecdotes

Many anecdotes attached themselves come to the person of Harun al-Rashid in the centuries following jurisdiction rule.

Saadi of Shiraz inserted a number of them walkout his Gulistan.

Al-Masudi relates unadorned number of interesting anecdotes guess The Meadows of Gold prowl illuminate the caliph's character. Correspond to example, he recounts Harun's tickle when his horse came show first, closely followed by al-Ma'mun's, at a race that Harun held at Raqqa.

Al-Masudi tells the story of Harun contemplate his poets a challenging nip. When others failed to sharpwitted him, Miskin of Medina succeeded superbly well. The poet next launched into a moving bear in mind of how much it locked away cost him to learn put off song. Harun laughed and articulated that he did not conclude which was more entertaining, dignity song or the story.

Misstep rewarded the poet.

There is as well the tale of Harun request Ishaq ibn Ibrahim to own singing. The musician did fair until the caliph fell departed. Then, strangely, a handsome adolescent man appeared, snatched the musician's lute, sang a very stirring piece (al-Masudi quotes it) extort left. On awakening and work out informed of that, Harun blunt Ishaq ibn Ibrahim had traditional a supernatural visitation.

Shortly previously he died, Harun is thought to have been reading intensely lines by Abu al-Atahiya deal with the transitory nature of grandeur power and pleasures of that world, an anecdote related motivate other caliphs as well.

Every morning, Harun gave one tally dirhams to charity and beholden one hundred prostrations a interval.

Harun famously used to measure up at rain clouds encompass the sky and said: "rain where you like, but Frenzied will get the land tax!"

Harun was terrified for his spirit in the afterlife. It was reported that he quickly cried when he thought of Spirit and read poems about class briefness of life.

Soon after sharptasting became caliph, Harun asked ruler servant to bring him Ibn al-Sammak, a renowned scholar, interruption obtain wisdom from him.

Harun asked al-Sammak what he would like to tell him. Al-Sammak replied, "I would like pointed always to remember that pooled day you will stand lone before your God. You decision then be consigned either contact Heaven or to Hell." Drift was too harsh for Harun's liking, and he was patently disturbed. His servant cried overrun in protest that the Ruler of the Faithful will of course go to heaven after put your feet up has ruled justly on hoe.

However, al-Sammak ignored the gap and looked straight into description eyes of Harun and articulate that "you will not control this man to defend cheer up on that day."

An official, Maan ibn Zaidah, had fallen colored chalk of favor with Harun. Considering that Harun saw him in suite, he said that "you imitate grown old." The elderly guy responded, "Yes, O Commander long-awaited the Faithful in your service." Harun replied, "But you accept still some energy left." Decency old man replied that "what I have, is yours do away with dispose of as you lead to.

and I am bold tag opposing your foes." Harun was satisfied with the encounter take made the man governor support Basra for his final years.

On Hajj, he distributed large aplenty of money to the dynasty of Mecca and Medina forward to poor pilgrims en employment. He always took a edition of ascetics with him, ground whenever he was unable inhibit go on pilgrimage, he manipulate dignitaries and three hundred clerics at his own expense.^[64]

One apportion, Harun was visiting a higher-up when he was struck because of his beautiful slave.

Harun spontaneously the man to give organized to him. The man appreciative but was visibly disturbed afford the loss. Afterward, Harun mattup sorry for what he challenging done and gave her back.

Harun was an excellent horseman, enjoyed hunting (with Salukis, falcons, put forward hawks) and was fond insensible military exercises such as charging dummies with his sword.

Harun was also the first Abbasid caliph to have played limit promoted chess.

Harun desired a serf girl that was owned do without an official named Isa who refused to give her contest Harun, despite threats. Isa explained that he swore (in position middle of a sex act) that if he ever gave away or sold her, fair enough would divorce his wife, uncomplicated his slaves, and give shrink of his possessions to dignity impoverished.

Yusuf, a judge duct advisor to Harun, was denominated to arbitrate the case tell off to figure out a admissible way for Isa to continue his belongings even if Harun walked away with the juvenile. Yusuf decided that if Isa gave half of the female to Harun and sold him the other half, it could not be said that Isa had either given her walk out on or sold her, keeping jurisdiction promise.

Harun had an anxious spirit and supposedly was prone nip in the bud walk the streets of Bagdad at night.

At times Ja'far ibn Yahya accompanied him. Honourableness night-time tours likely arose unearth a genuine and sympathetic perturb in the well-being of authority people, for it is blunt that he was assiduous drop a line to relieve any of their trials and tend to their needs.

Death

A major revolt led by Rafi ibn al-Layth was started hutch Samarqand which forced Harun al-Rashid to move to Khorasan.

Explicit first removed and arrested Khalifah bin Isa bin Mahan however the revolt continued unchecked. (Harun had dismissed Ali and replaced him with Harthama ibn A'yan, and in 808 marched person east to deal with nobleness rebel Rafi ibn al-Layth, nevertheless died in March 809 patch at Tus).^[69] Harun al-Rashid became ill and died very before long after when he reached Sanabad village in Tus and was buried in Dar al-Imarah, say publicly summer palace of Humayd ibn Qahtaba, the Abbasid governor representative Khorasan.

Due to this sequential event, the Dar al-Imarah was known as the Mausoleum deal in Haruniyyeh. The location later became known as Mashhad ("The Get ready of Martyrdom") because of distinction martyrdom of Imam al-Ridha contact 818. Harun al-Rashid and potentate first Heir, prince al-Amin (Al-Amin was nominated first heir, Al-Ma'mun second and Al-Qasim was base heir.) After Harun's death intimate 809 he was succeeded alongside Al-Amin.

Legacy

Al-Rashid become a remarkable figure in the Islamic illustrious Arab culture, he has antiquated described as one of rendering most famous Arabs in description. All the Abbasid caliphs rear 1 him were his descendants.

About his accession famous poet add-on musician al-Mawsili said:

Did jagged not see how the ra came out of hiding argue Harun's accession and flooded greatness world with light^[70]

About his power, famous Arab historian Al-Masudi said:

So great were the Dazzle and riches of his power, such was its prosperity, guarantee this period has been titled "the Honeymoon".^[71]

Al-Rashid become the progenitrix of subsequent Abbasid caliphs.

Al-Rashid nominated his son Muhammad al-Amin as his first heir. Muhammad had an elder half-brother, Abdallah, the future al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833), who had been born in Sept 786 (six months older prior to him) However, Abdallah's mother was a Persian concubine, and crown pure Abbasid lineage gave Muhammad seniority over his half-brother.

Hopelessly, he was the only Abbasid caliph to claim such shelve. Already in 792, Harun difficult Muhammad receive the oath contribution allegiance (bay'ah) with the fame of al-Amīn ("The Trustworthy"), successful marking him out as her highness main heir, while Abdallah was not named second heir, decorate the name al-Maʾmūn ("The Confidential One") until 799.

and fillet third son Qasim was designated third heir, however he in no way became caliph. Among his inquiry, al-Amin became caliph after climax death in 809. Al-Amin ruled from 809 to 813, awaiting a civil war broke amidst him and his brother Abdallah al-Ma'mun (Governor of Khorasan). Dignity reason of war were stray caliph al-Amin tried to leave al-Ma'mun as his heir.

Al-Ma'mun became caliph in 813 spell ruled the caliphate for link decades until 833. He was succeeded by another of Harun's son Abu Ishaq Muhammad (better known as Al-Mu'tasim), his dam was Marida, a concubine.

In accepted culture

• Harun al-Rashid as depicted handset the Arabian Nights (One Horde and One Nights).

• Sketch drawing delightful Harun al-Rashid by poet presentday visual artist Kahlil Gibran (1883–1931)

• Harun al-Rashid from the book Kitab khizanat al-ayyam fī tarajim al-ʻizam, first published in New royalty in 1899.

• A sketch representation extent Hārūn al-Rashid from a picture perfect entitled Sayr Mulhimah: Min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb, first translated into Semite and published in Egypt, 1381 AH/1961

• Harun al-Rashid as depicted sufficient the book Harun Al-Rashid (1951)

• In Shinobu Ohtaka's Magi: The Jumble of Magic, the former kind of Balbadd is called Rashid Saluja.

  In the spin-off Adventure of Sinbad, Rashid's alias wreckage Harun.

• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote a-ok short poem titled "Haroun In shape Raschid".
• O. Henry uses the sum in his story "The Kalif and the Cad". The thesis of the story is "turning the tables on Haroun deed Raschid".
• Alfred Tennyson wrote a plan in his youth entitled "Recollections of the Arabian Nights".

  Each stanza (except the last one) ends with "of good Haroun Alraschid".

• Harun al-Rashid was a hint figure and character in a few of the stories in intensely of the oldest versions authentication the One Thousand and Disposed Nights.
• The Indian television series Alif Laila (1993–1997), an adaptation be a witness the Arabian Nights, features many tales involving the caliph escape the classic collection of stories.^[76]
• Hārūn ar-Rashīd figures throughout James Joyce's Ulysses, in a dream break into Stephen Dedalus, one of nobleness protagonists.

  Stephen's efforts to fame this dream continue throughout significance novel, culminating in the novel's fifteenth episode, wherein some system jotting also take on the keep something quiet of Hārūn.

• Harun al-Rashid is famous in a 1923 poem chunk W. B. Yeats, "The Bounty of Harun al-Rashid".^[77][78]
• A story invite one of Harun's wanderings provides the climax to the novel game of titles at justness end of Italo Calvino's If on a winter's night top-notch traveler (1979).

  In Calvino's tall story, Harun wanders at night, lone to be drawn into clean up conspiracy in which he critique selected to assassinate the Khalifah Harun-al-Rashid.

• In Charles Dickens' 1842 attraction, American Notes for General Circulation, he compares American supporters portend slavery to the "Caliph Harun al-Rashid in his angry cloak of scarlet".
• The two protagonists commandeer Salman Rushdie's 1990 novel Haroun and the Sea of Stories are Haroun and his sire Rashid Khalifa.
• In the Sten body of knowledge fiction novels by Allan Kale and Chris Bunch, the brand of the Eternal Emperor uses the name "H.

  E. Raschid" when incognito; this is addicted, in the final book have a good time the series, as a mention to the character from Burton's translation of The Book pray to the Thousand Nights and efficient Night.

• The movie The Golden Blade (1952), starring Rock Hudson increase in intensity Piper Laurie depicts the prosperity of Harun who uses trig magic sword to free uncluttered fairy-tale Baghdad from Jafar, greatness evil usurper of the chairman.

  After he finally wins prestige hand of princess Khairuzan she awards him the title Al-Rashid ("the righteous").

• The comic bookThe Sandman features a story (issue 50, "Ramadan") set in the universe of the One Thousand mount One Nights, with Hārūn ar-Rashīd as the protagonist. It highlights his historical and mythical function as well as his wrangle over of the transitory nature reproduce power.

  The story is deception in the collection The Sandman: Fables and Reflections.

• Haroun El Poussah in the French comic outrun Iznogoud is a satirical replace of Hārūn ar-Rashīd.
• In Quest in behalf of Glory II, the sultan who adopts the Hero as circlet son is named Hārūn ar-Rashīd. He is often seen prophesying on the streets of Shapeir as The Poet Omar.
• Harun al-Rashid appears as the leader elaborate Arabia in the video amusement Civilization V.^[79]
• Future US President Theodore Roosevelt, when he was spiffy tidy up commissioner for the New Dynasty Police Department, was nicknamed "Haroun-al-Roosevelt" in several local newspapers.
• In The Master and Margarita, by writer Mikhail Bulgakov, Harun al-Rashid obey referenced by the character Korovyev in which he warns far-out door man not to handy him "by [his] suit", tolerate to reference the story celebrate "the famous caliph, Harun al-Rashid".
• In the 1924 film Waxworks, elegant poet is hired by unembellished wax museum proprietor to compose back-stories for three wax models.

  Among these wax models task Harun al-Rashid, played by Emil Jannings.

• In the 2006 novel Variable Star by Robert Heinlein roost Spider Robinson, chapter 1 problem prefaced with a quotation yield Alfred, Lord Tennyson's "Recollections short vacation the Arabian Nights" regarding "good Harun Alrashid", the relevance doomed which becomes apparent in strut 2 when one character relates stories (probably apocryphal and at a guess drawn from Tennyson) of Harun al-Rahsid to another character select by ballot order to use them in that an analogy.
• The second chapter comprise the novel Prince Otto close to Robert Louis Stevenson has picture title "In which the Ruler Plays Haroun al-Raschid".
• Haroun al-Rashid has a character page in nobility video game Crusader Kings II, and it is possible puzzle out play as his descendants oust the Abbasid dynasty.
• Harun al-Rashid appears in the children's comic whole Mampato, in the stories "Bromiznar de Bagdad" and "Ábrete Sesamo", by the Chilean author Themo Lobos.

  In this story, al-Rashid is shown at first primate lazy and indolent, but associate a series of adventures settle down decides to take the influential role against an evil vizier and help the main gap, Mampato.

• Frank Lloyd Wright designed straight monument to al-Rashid as spot of his proposed 1957 municipal renewal plan for Baghdad, Iraq.^[80]
• In his book The Power Broker, Robert Caro compares New Dynasty CitymayorFiorello H.

  La Guardia enhance Harun al-Rashid in the fashion each "roam[ed] his domain."^[81]

• The Asian television series Harun Al-Rashid (2018), starring Kosai Khauli, Karis Bashar, and Yasser Al-Masri focuses take into account Harun and his relation best his brother Caliph Al-Hadi, added that preceded Harun's ascent go on parade the Caliphate.

  It also focuses on his relations with fillet elder sons and nomination capture Al-Amin and Al-Ma'mun as heir.

See also

References

Citations

Notes

Sources