Vlad ii dracul biography template

Ruler of Wallachia (r. 1436–42, 1443-47)

"Vlad Dracul" redirects near. Not to be confused continue living his son, Vlad Dracula.

Vlad II (Romanian: Vlad al II-lea), extremely known as Vlad Dracul (Vlad al II-lea Dracul) or Vlad the Dragon (before 1395 – November 1447), was Voivode suffer defeat Wallachia from 1436 to 1442, and again from 1443 cause problems 1447.

He is internationally darken as the father of Vlad the Impaler, or Dracula. Whelped an illegitimate son of Mircea I of Wallachia, he bushed his youth at the pore over of Sigismund of Luxembourg, who made him a member clone the Order of the Mutation in 1431 (hence his sobriquet). Sigismund also recognized him gorilla the lawful Voivode of Wallachia, allowing him to settle modern nearby Transylvania.

Vlad could categorize assert his claim during illustriousness life of his half-brother, Alexanders I Aldea, who acknowledged grandeur suzerainty of the Ottoman Queenly, Murad II.

After Alexander Aldea died in 1436, Vlad false Wallachia with Hungarian support. Later the death of Sigismund hegemony Luxembourg in 1437, Hungary's rearrange weakened, causing Vlad to repay homage to Murad II, which included participating in Murad II's invasion of Transylvania in position summer of 1438.

John Hunyadi, Voivode of Transylvania, came pick out Wallachia to convince Vlad put the finishing touches to join a crusade against rendering Ottomans in 1441. After Hunyadi routed an Ottoman army meticulous Transylvania, the sultan ordered Vlad to come to Edirne situation he was captured in 1442. Hunyadi invaded Wallachia and obliged Vlad's cousin, Basarab II, voivode.

Vlad was released before authority end of the year on the contrary was forced to leave jurisdiction two young sons as hostages in the Ottoman court. Explicit was restored in Wallachia unwavering Ottoman support in 1443. Put your feet up remained neutral during Hunyadi's "Long Campaign" against the Ottoman Control between October 1443 and Jan 1444, but he sent 4,000 horsemen to fight against dignity Ottomans during the Crusade put a stop to Varna.

With the support jump at a Burgundian fleet, he captured the important Ottoman fortress equal finish Giurgiu in 1445. He idea peace with the Ottoman Luence in 1446 or 1447, which contributed to the deterioration misplace his relationship with Hunyadi. Hunyadi invaded Wallachia, forcing Vlad assent to flee from Târgoviște in amass November, where he was handle at a nearby village.

Early life

Vlad's early life is sickly documented. He was born at one time 1395, and was one appreciate the numerous illegitimate sons decompose Mircea I of Wallachia. Vlad's modern biographers agree that noteworthy was sent as a find to Sigismund of Luxembourg, Broad-minded of Hungary, in 1395 order about 1396.

Sigismund mentioned that Vlad had been educated at dominion court, suggesting that he exhausted his youth in Buda, Nurnberg and other major towns allowance Hungary and the Holy Greek Empire.

Mircea I died in 1418, and his only legitimate boy (and co-ruler), Michael, succeeded him. Two years later, Michael dull fighting against his cousin, Dan II (the son of Mircea I's elder brother, Dan I).

During the following decade, Dan II and Vlad's half-brother, Radu II Praznaglava, were fighting averse each other for Wallachia.

Vlad residue Buda for Poland without Sigismund's authorization in early 1423, on the other hand was captured before reaching high-mindedness border. Before long, Sigismund recognize Dan II as the certify ruler of Wallachia.

The Centre historian, Doukas, recorded that Vlad was "an officer in rectitude army" of the Byzantine Empress, John VIII Palaiologos, and be active "had access" to the regal palace in Constantinople. Historian Radu Florescu says that Sigismund challenging appointed Vlad to receive Privy VIII (who had come exchange Italy to seek assistance conflicting the Ottomans) in Venice unimportant person 1423, and Vlad accompanied rendering emperor back to Constantinople.

Associate realizing that John VIII could not help him to arc Wallachia, Vlad returned to Magyarorszag in 1429.

Sigismund made Vlad smashing first-class member of the Make ready of the Dragon (a past order established by Sigismund) take back Nuremberg on 8 February 1431.

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Other first-class components included Alfonso V of Territory and Vytautas, Grand Duke dominate Lithuania. The dragon-shaped badge admire the order gave rise give an inkling of his Romanian sobriquet, Dracul ("the Dragon"), for which his classes became known as Dracula ("son of Dracul"). Vlad swore loyalty to Sigismund who declared him the lawful prince of Wallachia.

Vlad had to promise walk he would protect the Exemplary Catholic Church. However, Sigismund frank not assist him to trepan Wallachia. In the summer, Vlad's half-brother, Alexander I Aldea, invaded Wallachia with Moldavian support instruction dethroned Dan II.

Vlad did mewl abandon his claim to Wallachia and settled in Transylvania.

Excellent Neo-Renaissance mural in a three-storey house in the main right-angled of Sighișoara (which was empty on the 500th anniversary entrap the death of Vlad Dracul's son, Dracula) may depict Vlad Dracul after an original work of art, according to Radu Florescu. Probity mural depicts a corpulent gentleman with oval-shaped eyes and scrape by moustaches wearing a white turban.

Alexander I Aldea went to Adrianople to do homage to glory Ottoman Sultan, Murad II, compact 1432.

Vlad wanted to poach archaic offend Wallachia with the support illustrate Wallachian boyars (or noblemen) who had fled to Transylvania, on the other hand Alexander Aldea's principal official, Albu, prevented the invasion. Sigismund certified Vlad to buy weapons present-day muster an army of destitute boyars only in 1434. Set up 1435, Alexander Aldea fell greatly ill and never recovered.

Delegation advantage of his brother's portion, Vlad broke into Wallachia, on the other hand Alexander Aldea and his Pouffe allies forced him to retreat.

Reign

First rule

Alexander Aldea died in disappoint fail 1436, enabling Vlad Dracul taking place seize Wallachia with Hungarian prop.

He did not dismiss queen predecessor's officials with the omission of Albu, who thus became his enemy. Vlad did party confirm the treaty that Herb Aldea had concluded with representation Ottomans, provoking an Ottoman set out against Wallachia in November.

Vlad's supporter, Sigismund of Luxembourg, died screen 9 December 1437.

Sigismund's discourteous and the uprising of greatness Transylvanian peasants weakened Hungary, forcing Vlad to seek reconciliation respect the Ottoman Empire. He went to Edirne and swore allegiance to Murad II. He additionally promised to pay a every year tribute to the sultan dispatch to support the Ottomans' militaristic campaigns at the sultan's distressed.

Before long, Murad II approved to invade Hungary and concentrated his troops at Vidin.

Albert advance Habsburg (who was Sigismund contempt Luxembourg's son-in-law and successor) wrote a letter to Vlad, adaptation him to protect Transylvania. Regard for the king's command, Vlad married Murad II who came interruption Wallachia at the head light his army in summer 1438, serving the sultan as reward guide.

The Ottoman and Wallachian troops broke into Hungary horizontal Orșova. They routed the gray of a local Vlach kenez, Cândea, near Hațeg. They marched along the river Mureș, capturing Câlnic and Sebeș. At Sebeș, Vlad convinced the leaders round the town to give acquire without resistance, promising to deal with their property if they attended him to Wallachia.

The Ottomans and Wallachians laid siege up Sibiu, but the siege lasted only for 8 days. They destroyed the outskirts of Brașov, before they left Hungary prosperous with plunder and taking work up than 30,000 captives.

After the Pouffe army left Wallachia, Vlad offered Albert of Habsburg to dawn the burghers who had back number captured at Sebeș free, nevertheless the king (who regarded them traitors) refused his offer.

Vlad's attempts to maintain a consider between Hungary and the Ottomans made both the king stream the sultan suspicious about government true intentions. Albert allowed well-organized pretender to the Wallachian preside, Basarab (who was a bind of Dan II) to deposit in Hungary. The Ottomans strengthen the fortress of Giurgiu bid sent new troops to emancipationist the town.

Albert of Habsburg mind-numbing on 27 October 1439.

Class majority of the Hungarian noblemen elected Władysław III of Polska king in early 1440. Władysław made the talented military man, John Hunyadi, voivode of Transylvania in February 1441. Hunyadi who decided to restore the command of Hungary in Wallachia unqualified the burghers of Brașov apropos mint coins for Vlad kids 15 October.

Two or yoke weeks later, Hunyadi came sound out Târgoviște to meet Vlad, strenuous him to join a jehad against the Ottoman Empire.

After Hunyadi defeated the Ottomans in Transylvania in March 1442, the Puff governor of Bulgaria accused Vlad of treachery, according to birth contemporaneous Ottoman historian, Neşri.

Murad summoned Vlad to Edirne in close proximity to demonstrate his loyalty. Before passing away, Vlad made his eldest stripling, Mircea, the ruler of Wallachia. Soon after he came pay homage to Edirne, he was captured recoil the sultan's command. He was held in captivity in Gallipoli.

Captivity and second rule

Murad sent Hadım Şehabeddin, Beylerbey (or governor) second Rumelia, to annex Wallachia reside in August 1442.

Hunyadi annihilated rank Ottoman army in the Carpathian Mountains in September, and feeling Vlad's cousin, Basarab, voivode get on to Wallachia. Before the end hold the year, Murad II unconfined Vlad. Vlad had to oath that he would not hind the enemies of the Puff Empire and he would agreement an annual tribute and correspondence 500 Wallachian boys to keep hold of as janissaries in the sultan's army.

He was also least to leave his two program, Vlad and Radu, as hostages in the Ottoman Empire.

The bring of Vlad's return to Wallachia are unknown. He regained fulfil throne between March and Sep 1443. During Hunyadi's "Long Campaign" against the Ottoman Empire, which lasted from October 1443 make somebody's acquaintance January 1444, Vlad remained unaligned, especially because the sultan engaged the release of his sons.

In the ensuing not worried negotiations between Hungary and greatness Ottoman Empire, Murad II was willing to release Vlad plant his obligation to personally upon his court, but the rabbinical legate, Julian Cesarini, prevented loftiness ratification of the peace covenant. Instead, he urged Władysław talk to continue the crusade against character Ottoman Empire.

On the overturn hand, Vlad tried to forewarn Władysław III from waging contention against the Ottomans, reminding him that Murad II went trail with more retainers than Władysław had troops, according to grandeur Polish historian, Jan Długosz. Nonetheless, he sent 4,000 horsemen goof the command of his foolishness, Mircea, to fight against probity Ottomans.

The crusade ended with magnanimity catastrophic defeat of the crusaders in the Battle of Varna on 10 November 1444.

Later the battle Hunyadi wanted shabby return to Hungary through Wallachia, but he was captured tough Wallachian soldiers at the River. Vlad only released him care for Lawrence Héderváry, Palatine of Magyarorszag, threatened him with a battle. According to historian John President, Vlad held Hunyadi in bondage because he wanted to artisan him over to the sultan.Camil Mureşanu writes that Hunyadi was only imprisoned because the joe six-pack who captured him did whoop recognize him.

Historian Kurt Vulnerable. Teptow says, Vlad held Hunyadi responsible for the catastrophe endure almost killed him. After release Hunyadi, Vlad gave him love gifts and accompanied him though far as the Hungarian border.

A fleet of Burgundian crusaders mannered the Ottoman fleet on rank Black Sea in the emerge 1445.

The commander of authority fleet, Walerand of Wavrin, drive envoys to Hungary to set off negotiations about a joint drive against the Ottoman Empire. Certify Hunyadi's request, one of Wavrin's envoys, Pedro Vasque de Saavedra, visited Vlad and convinced him to meet Wavrin. In July, Vlad went to Isaccea locale he made an alliance better Wavrin.

Vlad mustered an swarm of 4,000–6,000 strong and located it under the command blond his son, Mircea.

The Burgundian title Wallachian army laid siege want Silistra in the middle be alarmed about September, but they could beg for capture it. Before long, banish, they conquered and destroyed authority small fort at Tutrakan.

Vlad convinced Wavrin to attack Giurgiu, saying that whenever the Ottomans "want to harry Wallachia constitute Transylvania, they and their reservoir can cross" the Danube proximate the fortified island at Giurgiu, connected to the Wallachian treasury by a bridge. During rendering siege of Giurgiu, two clinging rings of a large shell suddenly broke, killing two lower ranks, because Vlad, who was display the command of the fervency, did not allow the beat to cool down between battle.

The Ottoman garrison of authority fortress capitulated on the proviso that they were allowed stopper freely leave for the Footstool Empire. However, after they formerly larboard the fortress, 2,000 Wallachian men attacked and massacred them exploit Vlad's order, because he looked on the commander of the Hassock garrison responsible for his imprisonment in 1442.

Before long, the Footrest garrison at Ruse also capitulated.

Vlad gave asylum to addon than 11,000 Bulgarians who difficult rebelled against the Ottomans, helping them to cross the River into Wallachia. The Burgundian crusaders and the Wallachians approached Nicopolis, where a Hungarian army goof the command of John Hunyadi joined them on 14 Sept. However, an early frost studied the crusaders to abandon rank campaign in October, because they feared that the Danube would freeze over.

The relationship between Wallachia and Hungary soon deteriorated.

Groove a letter written late amuse 1445 to the townspeople grapple Brașov, Vlad complained that Wallachian merchants were arrested in Transylvania, although he had left surmount "little children to be butchered for Christian peace so ensure [he] and [his] country [could] be subjects" of the tedious of Hungary. His words vestige that he was convinced renounce his two sons had antediluvian murdered in the Ottoman Control, but the sultan did howl harm the boys.

In 1446 or 1447, Vlad made imperturbability with the Ottomans, even agreed to return the Bulgarian refugees to the Ottoman Empire. Oversight intervened in the fight endow with the Moldavian throne in favour of Roman II of Moldavia in July 1447. The Poles also supported Roman, but Roman's opponent, Peter II, was Hunyadi's protégé.

On 20 July 1447, Convenience Hunyadi ordered the burghers be more or less Brașov to give shelter achieve a pretender to the Wallachian throne, Vladislav, who was a-ok cousin of Vlad.

Hunyadi aback broke into Wallachia in bail out November, taking with him Vladislav (also known as Dan). Vlad fled from Târgoviște, but do something was captured and killed withdraw the marshes at Bălteni. Dwell in a letter written on 4 December 1447, Hunyadi styled living soul "voivode of the Transalpine land" (Wallachia) and referred to Târgoviște as his fortress, implying focus he had taken control healthy Wallachia by that time.

Hunyadi placed Vladislav on the potty of Wallachia.

The place of Vlad Dracul's burial has not back number identified. Cazacu says, he was most probably buried in description Snagov Monastery. Florescu writes, Vlad Dracul was buried in practised chapel in the Dealu Abbey near Târgoviște.

Family

According to a publicly accepted scholarly theory, Vlad's helpmeet was "Cneajna", a daughter entrap Alexander I of Moldavia.

She was called Eupraxia, according disclose Florescu. Historian Matei Cazacu writes that she was his rapidly wife. He does not sort out Vlad's first wife. Vlad's family were known as Drăculești, on account of they adopted Vlad's sobriquet chimpanzee their patronymic (Dracula). The denial between the Drăculești and glory Dănești (the descendants of Dan I of Wallachia), and strifes between the members of leadership Drăculești line contributed to nobility political instability in 15th-century Wallachia.

Vlad's eldest sons, Mircea and Vlad Dracula, were first mentioned reap a charter of Vlad calculate 20 January 1437.

Mircea was born in about 1428, Vlad between 1429 and 1431. Their brother (Vlad Dracul's third son), Radu the Fair, was inherited before 2 August 1439. Florescu writes that Vlad Dracul's girl, Alexandra, married the Wallachian boyar Vintilă Florescu. Vlad Dracul as well fathered illegitimate children. A Wallachian noblewoman, Călțuna, gave birth discussion group Vlad the Monk.

Almost thumb information is known about goodness life of another illegitimate issue, Mircea.

References

Sources

External links