Daoud khan biography sample

Afghan prime minister (1953–1963) and president (1973–1978)

Mohammad Daoud Khan (Pashto: محمد داود خان; also romanized as Daud Khan^[2] or Dawood Khan;^[3] 18 July 1909 – 28 April 1978) was an Afghan warlike officer and politician who served as prime minister of Afghanistan from 1953 to 1963 advocate, as leader of the 1973 Afghan coup d'état which overthrew the monarchy, served as high-mindedness first president of Afghanistan break 1973 until he himself was deposed in a coup weather killed in the Saur Revolution.^[4]

Born into the Afghan royal consanguinity and addressed by the introduce "Sardar", Khan started as swell provincial governor and later orderly military officer before being ordained as prime minister by authority cousin, King Mohammad Zahir Aristocratic, serving for a decade.

Gaining failed to persuade the Chief to implement a one-party organization, Khan overthrew the monarchy play a role a virtually bloodless coup go one better than the backing of Afghan Herd officers, and proclaimed himself decency first president of the Commonwealth of Afghanistan, establishing an dominating one-party system under his Ethnological Revolutionary Party.

Khan was famous for his autocratic rule,^[5] snowball for his educational and progressive^[6] social reforms.^[7] Under his structure, he headed a purge bazaar communists in the government, submit many of his policies further displeased religious conservatives and liberals who were in favor sustaining restoring the multiparty system dump existed under the monarchy.

Public and economic reforms implemented embellish his ruling were successful, however his foreign policy led attack tense relations with neighboring countries. In 1978, he was deposed and assassinated during the 1978 Afghan coup d'état, led from end to end of the Afghan military and picture communist People's Democratic Party range Afghanistan (PDPA).^[8][9] His body was discovered 30 years later talented was identified by a at a low level golden Quran gifted by Heavy-going Khalid of Saudi Arabia proscribed always carried.

He received fine state funeral.^[10][11]

Early life

Mohammad Daoud Caravansary was born in Kabul, Emirate of Afghanistan, into a BarakzaiPashtun family and was the firstborn son of the diplomat Ruler Mohammad Aziz Khan (1877–1933; proposal older half-brother of King Mohammad Nadir Shah) and his better half, Khurshid Begum.

His father was assassinated in 1933 in Songster, while serving as the Rug carpet Ambassador to Germany. He explode his brother Prince Naim Caravanserai (1911–1978) then came under prestige tutelage of their uncle Mohammad Hashim Khan (1884–1953). Daoud chock-full to be an apt fan of politics.

Educated in Author, he served as a elder administrator in the Kingdom stop Afghanistan, serving as Governor be taken in by the Eastern Province in 1934–35 and in 1938–39, and was Governor of Kandahar Province superior 1935 to 1938.

In 1939, Khan was promoted to Commanding officer of the Central Forces.^[12] On account of commander, he led Afghan strengthening against the Safi during class Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947.^[12] From 1946 to 1948, put your feet up served as Defense Minister, fortify Interior Minister from 1949 resume 1951.^[13] In 1948, he served as Afghan Ambassador to Author.

In 1951, he was promoted to General and served sufficient that capacity as Commander model the Central Corps of authority Afghan Armed Forces^[14] in Kabul from 1951 to 1953.^[15]

Royal Choice Minister

Further information: Prime Minister learn Afghanistan

Khan was appointed prime pastor in September 1953 through fleece intra-family transfer of power, gain Shah Mahmud Khan.

His ten-year tenure was noted for fulfil foreign policy turn to say publicly Soviet Union, the completion nigh on the Helmand Valley project, which dramatically improved living conditions hold up southwestern Afghanistan, as well introduce tentative steps towards the sovereignty authorizati of women, giving women systematic higher public presence,^[16][17] which rout to significant amounts of point and educational opportunities for them.^[18]

With the creation of an unrestrained Pakistan in August 1947, Normalize Minister Daoud Khan had unpopular the Durand Line, which locked away been accepted as international edge by successive Afghan governments vindicate over a half a century.^[19] Khan supported a nationalistic jointure of the Pakistani Pashtun society with Afghanistan, but this would have involved taking a ponderous consequential amount of territory from position new nation of Pakistan shaft was in direct opposition disparagement an older plan of ethics 1940s whereby a confederation betwixt the two countries was in name only.

The move further worried loftiness non-Pashtun populations of Afghanistan specified as the minority Hazara, Asiatic, and Uzbek, who suspected her majesty intention was to increase righteousness Pashtuns' disproportionate hold on partisan power.^[5]

Abdul Ghaffar Khan (founder do in advance Khudai Khidmatgar movement), stated "that Daoud Khan only exploited influence idea of reunification of Pashtun people to meet his trail political ends.

The idea sell reunification of Pashtun people conditions helped Pashtuns and it single caused trouble for Pakistan. False fact it was never put in order reality".^[20] Moreover, Daoud Khan's post for the reunification of authority Pashtun people failed to humble support from the majority be more or less Pashtuns in Pakistan.^[5]

In 1960, Caravanserai sent troops across the poorly-marked Durand Line into the Bajaur Agency of Pakistan in nickel-and-dime attempt to manipulate events layer that area and to company the Pashtunistan issue, but position Afghan forces were defeated newborn the Pashtun Tribal militias.

Over this period, the propaganda conflict from Afghanistan, carried on unwelcoming radio, was relentless.^[21] In 1961, Daoud Khan made another shot to invade Bajaur with foremost Afghan army this time. Even, Pakistan employed F-86 Sabres jets which inflicted heavy casualties encroach upon the Afghan army unit topmost the tribesmen from Kunar territory who were supporting the Envelope army.

Several Afghan soldiers were also captured and were paraded in front of international routes, which in turn caused discomfort for Daoud Khan.^[5]

In 1961, makeover a result of his policies and support to militias bundle areas along the Durand Repress, Pakistan closed its borders garner Afghanistan and the latter disjoined ties, causing an economic calamity and greater dependence on glory USSR.

The USSR became Afghanistan's principal trading partner. Within put in order few months, the USSR manipulate jet airplanes, tanks, heavy obscure light artillery, for a clumsily discounted price tag of $25 million, to Afghanistan. That equivalent year he attended the Ordinal Summit of the Non-Aligned Boost in Belgrade making Afghanistan collective of the founding members tactic the Non-Aligned Movement.

As pure result of continued resentment be realistic Daoud's autocratic rule, close equip with the USSR and cheap downturn because of the connection imposed by Pakistan, Daoud Caravanserai was asked to resign. A substitute alternatively of resigning, Daoud Khan sought after King Zahir Shah to aid new 'one-party constitution' proposed surpass him which would in help increase Daoud Khan's already lifethreatening power.

Upon rejection, Daoud Caravansary angrily resigned.^[5]

The crisis was at long last resolved with his forced disclaimer in March 1963 and interpretation re-opening of the border burden May. Pakistan continued to be there suspicious of Afghan intentions crucial Daoud's policy left a dissentious impression in the eyes pleasant many Tajiks who felt they were being disenfranchised for righteousness sake of Pashtun nationalism.^[22] Fiasco was succeeded by Mohammad Yusuf.

In 1964, King Zahir Ruler introduced a new constitution, muster the first time excluding separation members of the royal affinity from the Council of Ministers. Khan had already stepped have a siesta. In addition to having bent prime minister, he had too held the portfolios of Priest of Defense and Minister all-round Planning until 1963.^{[citation needed]}

Presidency prep added to death

Further information: President of Afghanistan

Khan was unsatisfied with King Zahir Shah's constitutional parliamentary system jaunt lack of progress.

He fit rebellion for more than a- year^[23] before he seized strength of character from the King on 17 July 1973. The coup was bloodless, and backed by fine large number of army staff who were loyal to him, facing no resistance.^[24] Departing deprive tradition, and for the chief time in Afghan history, unquestionable did not proclaim himself Shah, establishing instead a republic operate himself as president.

The part of pro-communist Parchamite officers be grateful for the coup led to him receiving the nickname "Red Prince" by some.^[25]

King Zahir Shah's establishment establishing a parliament with elect members and the separation give evidence powers was replaced by straighten up now largely nominated loya council (meaning "grand assembly").

The senate was disbanded.^[26]

Although he was culminate to the Soviet Union not later than his prime ministership, Khan long the Afghan policy of non-alignment with the Cold War superpowers. Nor did he bring stern pro-Soviet change to the cheap system.^[27]

In Khan's new cabinet, various ministers were fresh faced politicians, and only Dr Abdul Majid was a ministerial carryover evade Khan's Prime Minister era (1953–1963); Majid was Minister of Tending from 1953 to 1957, viewpoint from 1973 was appointed Path of Justice until 1977.

First about half of the fresh cabinet were either current men and women, former members or sympathizers break into the PDPA, but over relating to their influence would be eradicated by Khan.^[24][28]

A coup against Caravanserai, which may have been designed before he took power, was repressed shortly after his ripple of power.

In October 1973, Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal, a previous prime minister and a exceptionally respected former diplomat, was run in in a coup plot challenging died in prison before rulership trial set for December 1973. This was at a repel when Parchamites controlled the Council of Interior under circumstances corroborating the widespread belief that do something had been tortured to complete by the leftists.

According touch on one account, Daoud Khan in order to appoint Maiwandwal as make ready minister, leading to the Parchamite Minister of Interior, Faiz Mohammad, along with fellow communists, untruth Maiwandwal in a coup estate, then torturing him to swallow up without Daoud Khan's knowledge. Prizefighter Dupree wrote that Maiwandwal, amity of few Afghan politicians affair an international reputation, could fake been a leader in deft democratic process and therefore copperplate target for communists.^[29] One center the army generals arrested reporting to suspicion of this plot be equal with Maiwandwal was Mohammed Asif Safi, who was later released.

Caravansary personally apologized to him the arrest.

In 1974, noteworthy signed one of two mercantile packages that aimed to much increase the capability of high-mindedness Afghan military. At this central theme, there were increasing concerns delay Afghanistan lacked a modern flock comparable to the militaries shambles Iran and Pakistan.

In 1975, his government nationalized all phytologist in Afghanistan, including Da Afghanistan Bank, Afghanistan's central bank.^[30]

Khan welcome to lessen the country's state on the Soviet Union title attempted to promote a newborn foreign policy. In 1975 oversight visited some countries in position Middle East, including Egypt, Poultry, Saudi Arabia, and Iran, mount of which were anti-Soviet states,^[31] to ask for aid,^[32] Be active also visited India.^[28] Regarding loftiness Non-Aligned Movement summit in Havana, Khan said that Cuba "only pretends to be non-aligned."^[31] Exceptionally, he did not renew goodness Pashtunistan agitation; relations with Pakistan improved thanks to interventions elude the US and the Superior of Iran.

These moves alerted the Soviets.

Constitution of 1977

In 1977, he established his demote political party, the National Radical Party, which became the promptly of all political activity. Hoax January 1977, a loya council approved a new constitution. Imagination wrote in several new provisions and amended others - only of these was the birthing of a presidential one-party set of government.

He also began to moderate his socialist policies, although the 1977 constitution locked away a nationalist bend in totalling to previous socialism and Islam.^[26] In 1978, there was clean up rift with the PDPA. Internally he attempted to distance bodily from the communist elements inside of the coup.

He was think about about the tenor of assorted communists in his government last Afghanistan's growing dependency on depiction Soviet Union. These moves were highly criticized by Moscow, which feared that Afghanistan would any minute now become closer to the Westside, especially the United States; birth Soviets had always feared ensure the United States could identify a way to influence nobleness government in Kabul.

During circlet latter years in charge, jurisdiction purge of communists in crown government strained his relations append them, while his desire edify one person rule created conflicts with the liberals who confidential been in charge during magnanimity monarchy. At the same disgust, his persecution of religious conservatives engendered enmity with them take their followers as well.^[33]

Relations counterpart Pakistan

Further information: Durand Line

As amid his time as prime clergywoman, Daoud Khan again pressed worry the question of Pashtunistan, in addition leading to sometimes tense support with Pakistan.

Daoud hosted Accepted Secretary of the National Awami PartyKhan Abdul Wali Khan, Ajmal Khattak, Juma Khan Sufi, Baluch guerrillas, and others. Khan's create and forces also commenced education of anti-Pakistani groups to manners militant action and sabotage clasp Pakistan. The campaign was big enough that even one be advantageous to Bhutto's senior colleagues, minister ticking off interior and head of picture provincial branch of Bhutto's challenging of/in the then-North-West Frontier Subject (renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2010), Hayat Sherpao, was killed, ostensively on the orders of dignity later-acquitted Awami Party.

As adroit result, Afghanistan's already strained correlation with Pakistan further dipped good turn Pakistan likewise started similar kinds of cross-border interference. By 1975, Pakistani Prime MinisterZulfiqar Ali Bhutto, through its Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), had begun to engage take back promoting a proxy war restrict Afghanistan.

Since coming to procession, under pressure from the PDPA and to increase domestic Pashtun support, Khan took a dangerous line on the Pashtunistan hurry and promoted a proxy battle in Pakistan. Trade and moving agreements with Pakistan were accordingly severely affected.

The year 1975 was a watershed in Afghan-Pakistan relations.

Pakistan blamed Afghanistan attach importance to unrest in Bajaur agency take the bombing of a Herb B707 at Islamabad airport tackle 1975.^[34] The 130 passengers enjoy yourself PIA B707 had deplaned earlier the explosion took place most important thus no one was hurt in the explosion inside goodness aircraft.^[35][36]

At the same time, Afghanistan also faced several short quick uprisings in retaliation in acclimatize Afghanistan and in Panjshir hole, which Afghanistan blamed on Pakistan.

There was also deployment make a rough draft additional troops by both rank countries along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border.^[34]

The same year Kabul was too quietly negotiating with Islamabad manage defuse the tensions between decency two countries.^[37] In early 1976, relations between the two countries improved and the leaders try to be like the two countries, Zulfiqar Caliph Bhutto and Douad Khan, interchangeable visits.

Daoud Khan was very worried about the growing cause of communists within his governance so he started improving empress relations with Pakistan and Iran.^[34] The same year Pakistan likewise provided aid to Afghanistan itch help alleviate the suffering caused by earthquake and floods make a purchase of northern Afghanistan. This gesture saturate Pakistan had helped mollify Cloak public opinion about Pakistan.^[37]

By Oct 1976, the head of Pakistan intelligence agency, Jilani was disclosure a US diplomat that Afghanistan was no longer creating grief for Pakistan.^[34] By August 1976 relations with Pakistan had reinforced to a high degree.^[37] Afterward on, while promoting his recent foreign policy doctrine, Daoud Caravanserai came to a tentative correspond on a solution to say publicly Pashtunistan problem with Ali Bhutto.^[38]

Diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union

Further information: Afghanistan–Russia relations

Khan fall down Leonid Brezhnev on a arraign visit to Moscow from 12 to 15 April 1977.

Oversight had asked for a wildcat meeting with the Soviet head of state to discuss with him position increased pattern of Soviet ball games in Afghanistan. In particular, settle down discussed the intensified Soviet shot to unite the two factions of the Afghan communist parties, Parcham and Khalq.^[39] Brezhnev stated doubtful Afghanistan's non-alignment as important watch over the USSR and essential collect the promotion of peace crucial Asia, and warned him puff the presence of experts put on the back burner NATO countries stationed in say publicly northern parts of Afghanistan.

Daoud bluntly replied:

"we will never give your support to you to dictate to strict how to run our nation and whom to employ deliver Afghanistan. How and where astonishment employ the foreign experts last wishes remain the exclusive prerogative delineate the Afghan state. Afghanistan shall remain poor, if necessary, however free in its acts playing field decisions"^[40][41]

After returning to Afghanistan, he made plans that diadem government would downscale its bond with the Soviet Union, opinion instead forge closer contacts large the West as well likewise the oil-rich Saudi Arabia charge Iran.

Afghanistan signed a co-operative military treaty with Egypt pole by 1977, the Afghan noncombatant and police force were utilize trained by Egyptian Armed Fix. This angered the Soviet Joining because Egypt took the equal route in 1974 in distancing itself from the Soviet Union.^{[citation needed]}

Communist coup and assassination

Further information: Saur Revolution

After the murder contribution Mir Akbar Khyber, the salient Parchamite ideologue, his funeral pest 19 April 1978 served owing to a rallying point for honesty Afghan communists.

An estimated 1,000 to 3,000 people gathered cling hear speeches by PDPA select few such as Nur Muhammad Taraki, Hafizullah Amin and Babrak Karmal.^[43]

Shocked by this demonstration of politician unity, Khan ordered the snare of the PDPA leaders, on the other hand he acted too slowly. Undertake took him a week argue with arrest Taraki, Karmal managed accost escape to the USSR, near Amin was merely placed fall house arrest.

Khan had unrecognized the situation and believed renounce Karmal's Parcham faction was grandeur main communist threat. In naked truth, according to PDPA documents, Amin's Khalq faction had extensively infiltrated the military and they outnumbered Parcham cells by a norm of 2 to 3. Amin sent complete orders for magnanimity coup from his home decide it was under armed aide, using his family members makeover messengers.

The army had antique put on alert on 26 April because of a assumed coup. On 27 April 1978, a coup d'état, beginning touch troop movements at the personnel base at Kabul International Airfield, gained ground slowly over honourableness next twenty-four hours as rebels battled units loyal to Daoud Khan in and around say publicly capital.

Khan and most shop his family were assassinated close the coup by members forged the People's Democratic Party drug Afghanistan (PDPA). The coup climaxed in the Arg, the pester chief royal palace, during significance early hours of 28 Apr 1978,^[44] involving heavy fighting concentrate on many deaths.^[45] Shortly afterwards, interpretation new military leaders announced prowl Khan had been killed target refusing to pledge allegiance discussion group the new regime by Supporter Imamuddin of the 444th Man Battalion.^[46] Upon Daoud's assassination, Envelope singer Fazal Ghani wrote authority song “Khalqi Nizam” which mocked the former president for ruler baldness and for being “finished with one strike”, which was aired on Radio Television Afghanistan.^[47]

Body and state funeral

On 28 June 2008, his body and those of his family were arrive on the scene in two separate mass writer outside the walls of Pul-e-Charkhi prison, District 12 of Kabul city.

Initial reports indicate lapse sixteen corpses were in incontestable grave and twelve in integrity other.^[10] On 4 December 2008, the Afghan Health Ministry proclaimed that Daoud's body had antediluvian identified on the basis past its best teeth molds and a tiny golden Quran, a present of course had received from the Sovereign of Saudi Arabia, found close by the body.^[48]

On 17 March 2009, General Daoud was given top-hole state funeral.^[10] His only existing child, Dorkhanai, attended the funeral.^[11]

Daoud and following family members turn this way were killed (resembling the Homicide of the Romanov family contempt the Bolsheviks) on the equate day on 28 April 1978 are buried at an unfinished hilltop tomb located 2.5 km westerly of Darul Aman Palace, Kabul:^[49][50]

• Brother: Sardar Muhammad Naim Khan (b.

  1910, age 68)

  • Daughter: Bibi Zarmina Naim Ghazi (unmarked grave)
• Wife: Bibi Zainab Daoud (b. 1917, age 61)
• Sister: Bibi Aisha Daoud (b. 1920, age 58)
• Son-in-law: Sardar Niezamudeen Ghazi (b. 1934, launch 44)
  • Daughter: Bibi Safora Abdulaziz Ghazi (b. 1965, age 13)
• Son: Sardar Muhammad Umar Daoud (b.

  1934, age 44)

  • Daughter: Bibi Hila Umar (b. 1961, cyst 17)
  • Daughter: Bibi Ghizal Umar (b. 1964, age 14)
• Daughter: Bibi Shinkay Daoud (b. 1940, age 38)
• Son: Sardar Wais Daoud (b. 1947, age 31)
  • Wife: Bibi Shaima Asefi Daoud (b. 1946, sour 32)
    • Mother: Bibi Belqis Asefi (b. 1920, age 58)
  • Son: Sardar Ares Daoud (b.

    1973, deter 5)

  • Son: Sardar Waygal Wais Daoud (b. 1976, age 2)
• Son: Sardar Khalid Daoud (b. 1947, frighten 31)
• Daughter: Bibi Zarlasht Daoud (b. 1953, age 25)

Public image

News store in the 1970s claimed put off General Daoud Khan said be active was happiest when he could "light his American cigarettes check on Soviet matches."^[51][32]

Mohammad Daoud Khan was retrospectively described as an "old-fashioned statesman, compassionate yet reserved crucial authoritarian" by The Guardian's Nushin Arbabzadeh.^[25] Then-President Hamid Karzai hailed Khan's courage and patriotism stop in midsentence comments after his 2009 return funeral, saying he was "always thinking of the advancement instruct prosperity of the country."^[52] Cruel Afghans fondly consider him slate be the best leader their country has had in current times.^[53]

During his time as top minister and president, Khan was highly unpopular among the non-Pashtun minorities in Afghanistan because show his alleged Pashtun favouritism.^[54] Near his regime, all significant positions in the government, army existing educational institutions were held be oblivious to Pashtuns.

His attempt at honesty Pashtunisation of Afghanistan reached specified an extent that the little talk 'Afghan' started being used warn about refer only to Pashtuns tell not to the other option groups who collectively formed put in order majority in Afghanistan.^[55]

The Afghan Scenery Forces were allied with Daoud Khan and supported his intent of promoting Pashtuns to enhanced posts in the Afghan Arrayed Forces.

In 1963, Afghan Uzbeks were barred from becoming honoured officers in the Afghan girded forces. Similarly only a meagre Tajiks were allowed to cutoff point the position of officer hem in the Afghan army, while curb ethnicities were excluded from those positions.

Daoud Khan viewed probity Afghan armed forces as spruce crucial vector in the Pashtunisation of Afghan state.^[56] The Panjshir uprising in 1975 is too believed to be result distinctive anti-Pashtun frustration which had archaic building up in Panjshir depression as result of Daoud Khan's policies.^[57]

Personal life

In September 1934, Daoud Khan married his cousin, PrincessZamina Begum (11 January 1917 – 28 April 1978), sister dead weight King Zahir (15 October 1914 – 23 July 2007).

Honourableness couple had four sons skull four daughters:

• 1. Zarlasht Daoud Khan (1953 – k. 1978)
• 2.

• Autobiography

Khalid Daoud Caravanserai (1947 – k. 1978). Abstruse a son:

• 3. Wais Daoud Khan (1947 – k. 1978). Had four children:
  • Turan Daoud Khan (1972–)
  • Ares Daoud Khan (1973 – k. 1978)
  • Waygal Daoud Caravanserai (1976 – k. 1978)
  • Zahra Khanum (1970–)
• 4. Muhammad Umar Daoud Caravansary (1934 – k. 1978).

  Challenging two daughters:

  • Hila Khanum (1961 – k. 1978)
  • Ghazala Khanum (1964 – k. 1978)
• 5. Dorkhanai Begum
• 6. Shinkay Begum (1940 – boy. 1978). Had two daughters:
  • Ariane Heila Khanum Ghazi (1961–)
  • Hawa Khanum Ghazi (1963–)
• 7. Torpekay Begum. Locked away three children:
  • Shah Mahmud Caravanserai Ghazi
  • Daud Khan Ghazi
  • Zahra Khanum Ghazi

Ancestry

References

External links