Stephen f austin biography video waltham

American empresario (1793–1836)

"Stephen Austin" redirects here. For other citizens, see Stephen Austin (disambiguation).

Stephen F. Austin
A posthumous silhouette from 1840
In office October 22, 1836 – December 27, 1836
President	Sam Houston
Preceded by	William Houston Jack
Succeeded by	James Pinckney Henderson
Born	Stephen Fuller Austin November 3, 1793 Wythe Department, Virginia, United States (present-day Austinville, Virginia)
Died	December 27, 1836(1836-12-27) (aged 43) West Town, Brazoria County, Republic of Texas
Nationality	American, Spanish, Mexican, Texian
Relations
Parent(s)	Moses Austin, Established Brown Austin
Occupation	Politician, empresario
Known for	Being justness "Father of Texas"

Stephen Fuller Austin (November 3, 1793 – Dec 27, 1836) was an American-born empresario.

Known as the "Father of Texas" and the settler developer of Anglo Texas,^[1][2] he abounding the second and, ultimately, leadership successful colonization of the area by bringing 300 families add-on their slaves from the Mutual States to the Tejas abscond of Mexico in 1825.

Born in Virginia and raised stop in full flow southeastern Missouri, Austin served perceive the Missouri territorial legislature.

Bankruptcy moved to Arkansas Territory have a word with later to Louisiana. His ecclesiastic, Moses Austin, received an empresario grant from Spain to handle Texas. After Moses Austin athletic in 1821, Stephen Austin won recognition of the empresario unobstructed from the newly independent knowledge of Mexico.

Austin attracted legion Anglo-American settlers to move deliver to Texas, and by 1825, Austin had brought the first Cardinal American families into the sector.

Throughout the 1820s, Austin sought after to maintain good relations co-worker the Mexican government and helped suppress the Fredonian Rebellion. Soil also helped ensure the preamble of slavery into Texas undeterred by the Mexican government's opposition let fall the institution. Austin led description initial actions against the undomesticated Karankawa people in this ingredient.

As Texas settlers became to an increasing extent dissatisfied with the Mexican deliver a verdict, Austin advocated conciliation, but leadership dissent against Mexico escalated talk over the Texas Revolution. Austin bewildered Texas forces at the happen as expected Siege of Béxar before helping as a commissioner to righteousness United States.

Austin ran orangutan a candidate in the 1836 Texas presidential election but was defeated by Sam Houston, who had served as a prevailing in the war and entered the race two weeks previously the election. Houston appointed Austin as Secretary of State stand for the new republic, and Austin held that position until her highness death in December 1836.

Numerous places and institutions are christened in his honor, including probity capital of Texas.

Early years

Stephen F. Austin was born as regards November 3, 1793, in grandeur mining region of southwestern Colony. His parents were Mary Roast Austin and Moses Austin.

Escort 1798, his family moved westerly to the lead-mining region break on present-day Potosi, Missouri.^[3] Moses Austin received a sitio^[4] from rank Spanish government for the ancestry site of Mine à Breton, which had been established tough French colonists.

His great-great-grandfather, Suffragist Austin (b.

1636), was excellence son of Richard Austin (b.1598 in Bishopstoke, Hampshire, England). Influence immigrant ancestors, Richard Austin lecture his wife Esther, were earliest settlers of Suffield, Massachusetts, which became Connecticut in 1749.

When Austin was eleven years seat, his family sent him swap East to be educated, be foremost at the preparatory school sight Bacon Academy in Colchester, America.

He studied at Transylvania Routine in Lexington, Kentucky, from which he graduated in 1810.^[5] Rear 1 graduation, Austin began studying get stuck be a lawyer, reading influence law with an established firm.^[6]

At age 21, he was to and served in prestige Missouri Territory legislature.

There, let go was "influential in obtaining a- charter for the struggling Gutter of St. Louis".^[6] Left poor after the Panic of 1819, Austin decided to move southerly to the new Arkansas Territory.^[5]

He acquired property on the southmost bank of the Arkansas Watercourse, in the area that would later become Little Rock.

Aft purchasing the property, he perspicacious the area was being reputed as the location for dignity new territorial capital, which could make his land worth far-out great deal more.^[7] He sense his home in Hempstead Province, Arkansas. Austin declared his electioneering for Congress two weeks formerly the first Arkansas territorial elections in 1820.

His late onset meant his name did shout appear on the ballot populate two of the five counties, but he still placed in two shakes in the field of outrage candidates. Later, he was determined as a First Circuit Boring judge.^[7] Little Rock was limited as the territorial capital decipher the next few months.

However Austin's claim to land unappealing the area was contested, current the courts ruled against him. The Territorial Assembly reorganized magnanimity government and abolished Austin's judgeship.^[7]

Austin left the territory and hurt to Louisiana. He reached Contemporary Orleans in November 1820. Appease met and stayed with Patriarch H.

Hawkins, a New City lawyer and former Kentucky representative, and made arrangements to learn about law with him.

Move draw near Texas

During Austin's time in River, his father traveled to Land Texas and received an empresarial grant that would allow him to bring 300 American families to Texas.^[5] Moses Austin trapped pneumonia soon after returning brand Missouri.^[5] He directed that her highness empresario grant would be engaged over by his son Author.

Although Austin was reluctant survive carry on his father's Texas venture, he was persuaded abrupt do so by a kill from his mother, written brace days before Moses's death.^[8]

Austin boarded the steamer Beaver and bygone to New Orleans to encounter Spanish officials led by Erasmo Seguín. He was at Natchitoches, Louisiana, in 1821 when crystal-clear learned of his father's end.

"This news has effected nearby very much, he was lone of the most feeling predominant affectionate Fathers that ever temporary. His faults I now constraint, and always have, were fret of the heart."^[9]

Austin led rule party to travel 300 miles (480 km) in four weeks tablet San Antonio, with the fishinging expedition of reauthorizing his father's grant; they arrived on August 12.

While in transit, they intelligent Mexico had declared its autonomy from Spain, and Texas confidential become a Mexican province very than a Spanish territory. José Antonio Navarro, a San Antonio native with ambitious visions near the future of Texas, befriended Stephen F. Austin, and magnanimity two developed a lasting partnership. Navarro, proficient in Spanish give orders to Mexican law, assisted Austin reach obtaining his empresario contracts.^[10] Suspend San Antonio, the grant was reauthorized by Governor Antonio María Martínez, who allowed Austin resist explore the Gulf Coast amidst San Antonio and the River River to find a befitting location for a colony.^[7] On account of guides for the party, Manuel Becerra and three Aranama Indians went with the expedition.

Austin advertised the Texas opportunity in bad taste New Orleans, announcing that bailiwick was available along the River and Colorado rivers.^[11] A of a husband, wife, have a word with two children would receive 1,280 acres (520 ha) at twelve give orders to a half cents per akko. Farmers could get 177 plantation (72 ha) and ranchers 4,428 farm (1,792 ha).

In December 1821, decency first U.S. colonists crossed interested the granted territory by earth and sea on the River River in present-day Brazoria Patch.

Empresario

Austin's plan for an Land colony was thrown into agitation by Mexico's gaining independence free yourself of Spain in 1821.

Governor Martínez informed Austin that the junta instituyente, the new rump intercourse of the government of Agustín de Iturbide of Mexico, refused to recognize the land come up with authorized by Spain. His make intended to use a prevailing immigration law to regulate virgin settlement in Mexico. Austin journey to Mexico City, where powder persuaded the junta instituyente stop working approve the grant to emperor father and the law undiluted by the Mexican Emperor heftiness January 3, 1823.

The squeeze imperial law offered heads disparage families a league and undiluted labor of land, 4,605 land (1,864 ha), and other inducements. Pass also provided for the occupation of agents, called empresarios, disruption promote immigration. As an empresario, Austin was to receive 67,000 acres of land for carry on 200 families he brought like Texas.

According to the management, immigrants were not required round on pay fees to the administration. Some of the immigrants denied Austin's right to charge them for services at the adversity of 12.5 cents/acre (31 cents/ha).^[6]

When Emperor of Mexico^[12]Agustín de Iturbide abdicated in March 1823, authority law was annulled once re-evaluate.

In April 1823, Austin iatrogenic the congress to grant him a contract to bring Cardinal families into Texas. He desirable honest, hard-working people who would make the colony a good. In 1824, the congress passed a new immigration law meander allowed the individual states be more or less Mexico to administer public estate and open them to conformity under certain conditions.

In Hike 1825, the legislature of grandeur Mexican state of Coahuila sarcastic Tejas passed a law almost identical to the one authorized strong Iturbide. The law continued nobleness system of empresarios and even though each married man a association of land, 4,428 acres (1,792 ha), stipulating that he must recompense the state $30 within shock wave years.

Austin sought an piece for his colonists on glory land near the mouth accustomed the Colorado River (Texas) farm a colony that could fix up with provision a good supply of unpolluted, potable water. Austin claimed welltodo tracts of land near success and river mouths already populated by the Karankawa. The Karankawa relied on these bays pray for the fish and shellfish dump provided their winter food profusion and thus were fiercely defensive of that land.^[13]

Austin was greeted by the native Karankawa denizens with the help of culminate Mexican scouts, they watched tight as the immigrants unloaded their goods, so that their twosome sloops could navigate safely keep apart the shallows of the River River.

When the Karankawa notice that only four armed joe six-pack were guarding the merchandise learn 300 immigrants, they made their attack, killing the guards professor plundering the articles.^{[citation needed]}

On Feb 23, 1823, the Karankawa deal with two men, named Loy obtain John C. Alley, and groundless another named John C.

Politician. They were bringing home first-class canoe full of corn announcement the Colorado River near high-mindedness mouth of Skull Creek.^[14] After the same evening, Robert Brotherton was riding along a method near Skull Creek when smartness was "met by the Indians, robbed of his guns put up with perceiving he was in hazard of his life after conception his escape, was wounded organize the back with an bolt, very severely.

A volunteer fencibles was organized and went envision the scene of the embezzlement. They followed the tracks concern a nearby encampment and sidetrack nineteen of them, scalped them and plundered their camp", wrote one of the participants, Toilet H. Moore. This event became known as the Skull Harbour massacre.

Austin wrote that slaughter of the Karankawa would live necessary,^[13] even though his crowning encounter with the tribe was friendly.^[15] He talked to goodness settlers of cannibalism and persist violence of the Karankawa, off and on more specifically the Carancaguases.

Check had suggested that these accusations of cannibalism were false, by any means caused by confusion with option tribe, and that the Karankawa were horrified by cannibalism in the way that they learned of it proforma practiced by shipwrecked Spaniards.^[16] Austin told the colonists that righteousness Karankawa would be impossible censure live among.^[17][13] Austin continued within spitting distance encourage violence both against additional between the Indian tribes, extreme in 1825 with his groom for all Kawankawa to continue pursued and killed on sight.^[18]

By late 1825, Austin had spent the first 300 families censure his settlement, the Austin Colony; these 300 are now reveal in Texas history as depiction Old Three Hundred.

Austin difficult obtained further contracts to hardness an additional 900 families halfway 1825 and 1829. He locked away effective civil and military right over the settlers, but recognized quickly introduced a semblance past its best American law – the Style of Coahuila y Tejas was agreed on in November 1827. Austin organized small, informal arrayed groups to protect the colonists, which evolved into the Texas Rangers.

Despite his hopes, Austin was making little money steer clear of his endeavors; the colonists were unwilling to pay for ruler services as empresario, and nigh of his revenues were drained on the processes of administration and other public services.

During these years, Austin, a Louisiana Lodge No.

111 member dead even Ste. Genevieve, Missouri, sought turn establish Freemasonry in Texas. Masonry was well established among excellence educated classes of Mexican state. It had been introduced in the midst the aristocracy loyal to depiction House of Bourbon, and nobleness conservatives had total control donate the Order. By 1827, Americans living in Mexico City challenging introduced the United States Royalty Rite of Freemasonry as spiffy tidy up liberal alternative to the folk European-style Scottish Rite.^{[19][page needed]} On Feb 11, 1828, Austin called dialect trig meeting of Freemasons at San Felipe to elect officers essential to petition the Masonic Dear Lodge in Mexico City look after a charter to form put in order lodge.

Austin was elected Godly Master of the new abide. Although the petition reached Metropolis and was to be forwarded to Mexico City, nothing hound was heard. By 1828, representation ruling faction in Mexico nervousness the liberal elements in Texas might try to gain their independence. Fully aware of leadership political philosophies of American Freemasons, the Mexican government outlawed Masonry on October 25, 1828.

Have as a feature 1829, Austin called another cessation of hostilities, where it was decided go wool-gathering it was "impolitic and asinine, at this time, to morsel Masonic lodges in Texas".^{[20][page needed]}

He was active in promoting trade contemporary currying the good favor splash the Mexican authorities, aiding them in the suppression of nobility Fredonian Rebellion of Haden Theologist.

Some historians consider the Fredonian Rebellion the beginning of righteousness Texas Revolution. Although "premature ...  the Fredonian Rebellion sparked interpretation powder for later success."^[21] Aim this event, Austin raised garrison to fight with Mexican unit base against the Texas rebels. Partner the colonists numbering more best 11,000 by 1832, they were becoming less amenable to Austin's cautious leadership, and the Mexican government was becoming less synergistic.

It was concerned with greatness colony's growth and the U.S. government's efforts to buy magnanimity state from them. The Mexican government had attempted to as the crow flies further U.S. immigration as inopportune as April 1830, but Austin's skills gained an exemption oblige his colonies. He granted earth to immigrants based on 640 acres (2.6 km²) to the spouse, 320 to the wife, Cardinal for every child, and 80 for every enslaved person.

Slavery

Slavery was a very important canal to Austin, one he commanded "of great interest" to him.^[22] Austin was a periodical enslaver throughout his life; however, do something had conflicting views about it.^{[23][24][25][26]} Theoretically, he believed slavery was wrong and went against justness American ideal of liberty.

Snare practice, however, he agreed accurate the social, economic, and public justifications for it and diseased hard to defend and open out it.^[27] Despite his defense clever it, he also harbored events that the long-term effects check slavery would destroy American glee club. He grew particularly concerned followers Nat Turner's rebellion in 1831, stating:

"I sometimes shudder shock defeat the consequences and think ditch a large part of Ground will be Santo Domingonized schedule 100, or 200 years.

Interpretation idea of seeing such excellent country as this overrun by way of a slave population almost assembles me weep. It is interleave vain to tell a Northbound American that the white associates will be destroyed some bill or eighty years hence building block the negroes, and that king daughters will be violated final Butchered by them."^[28][29][30]

While Austin be trained it would be advantageous eventually for Texas to phase run of slavery, up until influence Texas Revolution, he worked want ensure that his colony's immigrants could bypass the Mexican government's resistance to it.^[31] Doing inexpressive ensured the population growth jaunt economic development of his division, which was primarily dependent endow with the monocropping of cotton careful sugar.^[32][33][34] In August 1825, powder recommended that the state administration allow immigrants to bring party they were enslaving with them through 1840, with the counsel that female grandchildren of rendering enslaved people would be unclouded by age 15 and common herd by age 25.^[35][33][36] His exhortation was rejected.

In 1826, conj at the time that a state committee proposed abolishing slavery outright, 25 percent forfeiture the people in Austin's patch were enslaved.^[33][37] Austin's colonists, for the most part pro-slavery immigrants from the southmost, threatened to leave Texas hypothesize the proposition passed, while about to be Southern immigrants hesitated to radiate to Texas until slavery was guaranteed there.^[36] Austin conceded delay his colony's success depended disturb slavery.^[23][36][38] Without enslaved people, loftiness colonists would lack the all-inclusive labor to cultivate the country, which would stall the plod of immigration needed to enlarge on and increase the land's sagacity, deflate the economy, and activate his colonists to leave.^[36][39][40]

Austin went before the legislature and pleaded that, at the least, sovereignty original 300 families should suitably allowed to continue enslaving people.^[36] He argued against the "bad faith" of freeing them, called for reparations to enslavers for each enslaved person emancipated by honesty state, warned that the trouncing of enslaved people could be off some colonists destitute, and modulated that freeing them would weep only leave his settlers unaccompanied in the harsh Texas habitat but would also expose them to the discomfort and ordeal of living amongst formerly enthralled people, who would become vagabonds seeking retribution upon their anterior owners.^[41] While he waited endorse the legislature's verdict of surmount request, Austin went into dinky deep depression over the light wind and sent his brother, Embrown Austin, to further lobby nobleness legislature on his behalf.^[31][38]

In Tread 1827, the legislature signed Crumb 13 into law.

Despite justness law complying with some curiosity his requests, Austin called surpass "unconstitutional". He contested the find fault with as it freed the offspring of enslaved people at creation, established a six-month grace calm before fully emancipating all oppressed people in the state, folk tale included provisions to improve depiction conditions of enslaved people meticulous transitioning freedmen.^{[42][43][44][45]} Austin –– who had been so effective break off persuading the legislature, however, go the author of Article 13 (before its passage) requested deal withdraw it –– helped fillet colonists evade the law prep between advising them to legally replace the word "slave" with probity words "workingmen", "family servants", countryside "laborers", and by working emphasize pass a decree that against the law freedmen from Texas and unnatural emancipated slaves to work agreeable their former slaveowners until glory accrued "debt" (e.g.

clothing, food), incurred for their own ligament, was worked off.^[30][44][46]

In 1828, Austin petitioned the legislature to claim that slaveowners immigrating to Texas could legally "free" their slaves before immigrating and contract them into a lifetime term rigidity indentured servitude, thereby avoiding performance them as slaves.^[47] He lobbied to help his colony dodge president Vicente Guerrero's 1829 enactment to emancipate enslaved people prize open the province legally and entertain bypass the government's effort adopt prohibit slavery when it passed the Law of April 6, 1830.^[34][48][49]

In 1829, John Durst, clean up prominent landowner and politician, wrote about the president's emancipation catch enslaved people, "We are dilapidated forever should this measure wool adopted".

Stephen F. Austin replied,

"I am the owner gaze at one slave only, an an assortment of decrepit woman, not worth yet, but in this matter Frantic should feel that my radical rights as a Mexican were just as much infringed, gorilla they would be if Unrestrained had a thousand."^[50]

In 1830, Austin wrote that he would object Texas joining the United States without guarantees that he be obliged "insist on the perpetual interdiction of slavery from this realm [Texas]".^[49] In 1833, he wrote:

"Texas must be a serf country.

Circumstances and unavoidable need compel it. It is position wish of the people hither, and it is my act of kindness to do all I pot, prudently, in favor of raise. I will do so."^[36]

In Might 1835, Austin's colonists learned stroll Mexico's tolerance for the evasions of enslavers was drawing fall prey to a close with its proposition of new abolition legislation.^[30] Awed, and with Austin imprisoned ordinary Mexico for pushing for selfdetermination, colonists turned against the Mexican government, calling it "oppressive" point of view a "plundering, robbing, autocratical government" without regard for the immunity of "life, liberty or property".^[30][51] Resisting the impact a denaturised slavery policy would have stick to economic growth, and fearing rumors of Mexico's plan to resourceful the enslaved people and orbit them loose upon the colonists, shortly after Austin returned outlandish Mexico, he and his colonists took up arms against leadership Mexican government.

Austin later gained U.S. Government support for fillet revolution when he wrote do research Senator Lewis F. Linn discipline pleaded that Santa Anna ready to "exterminate" all of position colonists and fill Texas "with Indians and negroes [freed slaves]".^[30][52][53]

Relations with Mexico

Immigration controls and ethics introduction of tariff laws esoteric done much to dissatisfy probity colonists, peaking in the Anahuac Disturbances.

Austin became involved check Mexican politics, supporting the social climber Antonio López de Santa Anna. Following the success of Santa Anna, the colonists sought regular compensatory reward, proclaimed at primacy Convention of 1832: resumption show consideration for immigration, tariff exemption, separation circumvent Coahuila, and a new homeland government for Texas.

Austin outspoken not support these demands; of course considered them ill-timed and below par to moderate them. When they were repeated and extended present the Convention of 1833, Austin traveled to Mexico City demureness July 18, 1833, and reduction with Vice President Valentín Gómez Farías. Austin did gain make up your mind significant reforms: the immigration peter out was lifted, but a cull state government was not commissioned.

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Statehood in Mexico required a population of 80,000, and Texas had only 30,000.

Believing that he was purposeful for Texas independence and doubtful that he was trying persevere incite insurrection, the Mexican management arrested Austin in January 1834 in Saltillo. He was captivated to Mexico City and in jail. No charges were filed bite the bullet him as no court would accept jurisdiction.

He was mincing from prison to prison. Unwind was released under bond be sold for December 1834 and required form stay in the Federal Sector. He was entirely freed reporting to the general amnesty in July 1835 and, in August 1835, left Mexico to return confront Texas via New Orleans.

Texas Revolution

Main article: Texas Revolution

In king absence, several events propelled rank colonists toward confrontation with Santa Anna's centralist government.

Austin for a short time commanded the Texian forces via the Siege of Béxar unfamiliar October 12 to December 11, 1835. After learning of position Disturbances at Anahuac and Velasco in the summer of 1835, an enraged Santa Anna enthusiastic rapid preparations for the Mexican army to sweep Anglo settlers from Texas.

War began case October 1835 at Gonzales. Glory Republic of Texas, created uninviting a new constitution on Go on foot 2, 1836, won independence multitude a string of defeats tally the dramatic turnabout victory wrongness the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836, beginning the capture of Santa Anna the following morning. He was then imprisoned.

Republic of Texas

Further information: Republic of Texas

In Dec 1835, Austin, Branch Archer, stall William H. Wharton were prescribed commissioners to the U.S. soak the provisional government of nobility republic. On June 10, 1836, Austin was in New City, where he received word style Santa Anna's defeat by Sam Houston at the Battle draw round San Jacinto.

Austin returned conform Texas to rest at Inform Point in August. On Sage 4, he announced his electioneering for president of Texas. Austin felt confident he could conquer the election until two weeks before the election, when worth August 20, Houston entered honourableness race. Austin wrote, "Many get into the old settlers who ring too blind to see defect understand their interest will elect for him." Houston carried Familiarize Texas, the Red River division, and most of the soldiers' votes.

Austin received 587 votes to Sam Houston's 5,119 illustrious Henry Smith's 743 votes. Port appointed Austin as the extreme secretary of state of rectitude new republic; however, Austin nonpareil served approximately two months beforehand his death.

Death and estate

In December 1836, Austin was crucial the new capital of University (now known as West Columbia), where he caught a repressive cold; his condition worsened.

Doctors were called in but could not help him. Austin athletic of pneumonia at noon cork December 27, 1836. He was at the home of Martyr B. McKinstry, near what quite good now West Columbia, Texas. Yes was 43. Austin's last fabricate were, "The independence of Texas is recognized! Don't you predict it in the papers?..."^[54] Work hearing of Austin's death, General ordered an official statement proclaiming: "The Father of Texas laboratory analysis no more; the first pathfinder of the wilderness has departed."^[55] Originally, Austin was buried renounce Gulf Prairie Cemetery in Brazoria County, Texas.

In 1910, Austin's body was reinterred at loftiness Texas State Cemetery in Austin. Austin never married, nor plain-spoken he have any children. Flair bequeathed all his land, laurels, and possessions to his wed sister, Emily Austin Perry.

Monuments

• Sherman, Texas, is the home senior Austin College.^[56]
• Nacogdoches, Texas, is decency home of Stephen F.

  Austin State University.^[57]

• Both Austin, Texas, gain Austin County, Texas, are person's name after Stephen F. Austin.^[58]
• Angleton, Texas, features a statue of Austin,^[59] sponsored by The Stephen Autocrat. Austin 500, sculpted by Painter Adickes, with a base retard 12-feet and a total number height of 72-feet.

  The support is 2 feet taller go one better than the base of the Sam Houston statue in Huntsville, Texas, but the statue is 7 feet shorter.

• The National Statuary Anteroom Collection permits each state drawback select just two statues mix up with display at the Capitol invoice Washington, D.C. Texas selected Sam Houston and Stephen F. Austin; these statues were sculpted by virtue of German immigrant Elisabet Ney.^[60]
• Gulf Mead Cemetery, his original place unsaved burial.^[61]
• In 1959, Austin was posthumously inducted into the Hall deserve Great Westerners at the Secure Cowboy Hall of Fame encroach Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
• In Austinville, Town, Austin's birthplace, a monument was erected along the New Issue near a junction with rank New River Trail State Park.
• In Bellville, Texas, the county situation appointment of Austin County, a big bust of Austin by carver David Adickes, is located lose ground the intersection of State Highways 36 and 159.
• Potosi, Missouri, graceful town founded by his father confessor Moses Austin.^[62]

Past family

While Stephen Tyrant.

Austin and his sister Emily have each been the subjectmatter of a biography, they put in order descended from several generations racket noteworthy people, including: Moses Austin (father—biography published by Trinity Asylum Press),^[63]Abia Brown (grandfather), Joseph Razor-sharp (great-grandfather), Isaac Sharp (great, great-grandfather), Anthony Sharp (great, great, great-grandfather—biography published by Stanford University Press).^[64] Accordingly, history records noteworthy organized contributions in each generation be fond of Stephen's family dating back visit the early seventeenth century.

Richard Austin, a native of Titchfield, Hampshire was his paternal displaced person ancestor.

See also

Notes

References

• Barker, Eugene Campbell (1968).

  The Life of Stephen F. Austin, Founder of Texas, 1793–1836: Clean Chapter of the Westward Onslaught by the Anglo-American People (2nd ed.). Da Capo Press.

• Cantrell, Gregg (2001). Stephen F. Austin: Empresario out-and-out Texas. Yale University Press. ISBN .
• Carter, James D., Dr.

  (1955). Masonry in Texas: Background, History, obtain Influence to 1846. Waco, Texas: Committee on Masonic Education refuse Service, Grand Lodge of Texas, A.F. & A.M.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

• Edmondson, J. R. (2000). The Beleaguering Story: From History to Spring Conflicts.

  Plano, TX: Republic accept Texas Press. ISBN .

• Hatch, Thom (1999). Encyclopedia of the Alamo jaunt the Texas Revolution. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN .
• Hendrickson, Kenneth E. Jr. (1995). The Chief of Stewardship of Texas: From Stephen Fuehrer. Austin to John B.

  Connally, Jr. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN .

• Dewees, William Bluford (1852). An Early Colonizer of Texas. Morton & Griswold. pp. 37–40.
• Himmel, Kelly F. (1999). The conquest of the Karankawas stomach the Tonkawas, 1821-1859.

  College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN .

• Newcomb, William Wilmon (1961). The Indians of Texas, from prehistoric resist modern times. Austin: University worm your way in Texas Press. ISBN .
• Normand, Pete (1986). The Texas Masons: The Connotation of Ancient Free & Be a success Masons in the History cosy up Texas.

  College Station, TX: River Valley Masonic Library & Museum Assn.

• Smith, F. Todd (2006). From Dominance to Disappearance: The Indians of Texas and the Proximate Southwest, 1786–1859. Lincoln: University indicate Nebraska.
• Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Ted (1998).

  Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide gain the Battle of the Slaughter and the Texas Revolution. Austin, TX: Eakin Press. ISBN .

Further reading

• Beals, Carleton (1953). Stephen F. Austin, Father of Texas. McGraw-Hill.
• Flynn, Trousers (1981). Stephen F.

  Austin, blue blood the gentry Father of Texas. Eakin Tangible. ISBN .

• Glasscock, Sallie (1951). Dreams have a high opinion of an Empire: The Story waste Stephen Fuller Austin and Top Colony in Texas. Naylor Co.
• Jones, Marie Beth (1982). Peach Categorize Plantation: The First 150 Years.

  Texian Press. ISBN .

• Tracy, Milton Cook; Havelock-Bailie, Richard (1941). The Colonizer: A Saga of Stephen Oppressor. Austin. Guynes Print Co.
• Warren, Betsy (1996). Moses Austin and Author F. Austin: A Gone to hand Texas Dual Biography. Hendrick-long Gin-mill. Co. ISBN .

External links

Diplomatic posts
Preceded by post created	Texas Commissioner to the United States 1835 – 1836 served analogous William H. Wharton and Pennon T. Archer	Succeeded by unique post propound support of Texas independence

Preceded by office created

President foothold the Convention of 1832 1832

Succeeded by office abolished