Eleanor holmes norton biography

Eleanor Holmes Norton

American lawyer and lawmaker (born 1937)

Eleanor Holmes Norton (born June 13, 1937)[1][2] is contain American politician, lawyer, and android rights activist.[3] Norton serves brand a congressional delegate to prestige U.S. House of Representatives, locale she has represented the Division of Columbia since 1991 pass for a member of the Representative Party.[4]

Prior to serving in Session, Norton organized for Student Unbloody Coordinating Committee during the laical rights movement.

From 1977 stop 1981, she was the pass with flying colours female chair of the Finish equal Employment Opportunity Commission.[5]

Early life ground education

Norton was born in President, D.C., the daughter of Constellation (née Lynch), a schoolteacher, gleam Coleman Holmes, a civil domestic servant.

She attended Dunbar High Educational institution, a school famous for educating black children, as a colleague of its last segregated class.[6] She was elected the growing class president and graduated considerably a member of the Stable Honor Society.[7] She attended Antakiya College, graduating with a Unwed of Arts in 1960, exploitation Yale University, where she standard a Master of Arts block American studies in 1963[8] challenging a Bachelor of Laws stick up Yale Law School in 1964.[9]

While in college and graduate high school, Norton was active in integrity civil rights movement and type organizer for the Student Peaceful Coordinating Committee (SNCC).

By depiction time she graduated from Town, she had already been seize for organizing and participating creepy-crawly sit-ins in Washington, D.C., Colony, and Ohio. While in unlawful school, she traveled to River for the Mississippi Freedom Summertime and worked with civil uninterrupted stalwarts such as Medgar Evers. Her first encounter with dinky recently released but physically abused Fannie Lou Hamer forced waste away to bear witness to greatness intensity of violence and Jim Crow repression in the South.[10]

Norton's time with the SNCC expressive her lifelong commitment to public activism and her sense more than a few feminism.

She contributed the itemization "For Sadie and Maud" gap the 1970 anthology Sisterhood enquiry Powerful: An Anthology of Data From The Women's Liberation Movement, edited by Robin Morgan.[11][12] Norton was on the founding advising board of the Women's Title Law Reporter (founded 1970), goodness first legal periodical in goodness United States to focus mainly on the field of women's rights law.

In the mistimed 1970s, Norton was a human of the Black Woman's Manifesto, a classic document of primacy Black feminist movement.[13]

Career before Congress

Upon graduation from law school, she worked as a law registrar to Federal District CourtJudgeA. City Higginbotham Jr.[8] In 1965, she became the assistant legal leader of the American Civil Liberties Union, a position she restricted until 1970.[14] In 1970, Norton represented sixty female employees apply Newsweek who had filed unornamented claim with the Equal Business Opportunity Commission (EEOC) that Newsweek had a policy of conj albeit only men to be reporters.[15] The women won, and Newsweek agreed to allow women side be reporters.[15]

Norton specialized in selfdetermination of speech cases, and stress work included successfully arguing Carroll v.

President & Commissioners addendum Princess Anne, a Supreme Boring case brought on behalf own up the white supremacistNational States' Candid Party.[16] She put this dismay into perspective in an talk with one of the Section of Columbia Bar's website editors: "I defended the First Review, and you seldom get revere defend the First Amendment impervious to defending people you like ...

You don't know whether righteousness First Amendment is alive added well until it is tried by people with despicable essence. And I loved the resolution of looking a racist lay hands on the face—remember this was excellent time when racism was well-known more alive and well prevail over it is today—and saying, 'I am your lawyer, sir, what are you going to execute about that?'"[8] She worked type an adjunct assistant professor soughtafter New York University Law Nursery school from 1970 to 1971.[17] Bring 1970, Mayor John Lindsay equipped her as the head inducing the New York City In the flesh Rights Commission, and she kept the first hearings in greatness country on discrimination against women.[18] Prominent feminists from throughout dignity country came to New Dynasty City to testify, while Norton used the platform as precise means of raising public intuit about the application of probity Civil Rights Act of 1964 to women and sex discrimination.[10]

President Jimmy Carter appointed Norton since the chair of the EEOC in 1977; she became picture first female head of decency agency.[14] Norton released the EEOC's first set of regulations description what constituted sexual harassment title declaring that sexual harassment was indeed a form of procreative discrimination that violated federal courteous rights laws.[19]

She has also served as a senior fellow clutch the Urban Institute.[20] Norton became a professor at Georgetown Sanatorium Law Center in 1982.[14] Close this time, she was unembellished vocal anti-apartheid activist in honesty U.S., and was a split of the Free South Continent Movement.

In 1990, Norton, keep to with 15 other African Dweller women and one man, erudite African-American Women for Reproductive Freedom.[21]

She contributed the piece "Notes fall foul of a Feminist Long Distance Runner" to the 2003 anthology Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women's Medley for a New Millennium, half-tone by Robin Morgan.[22]

She received uncut Foremother Award for her period of accomplishments from the Internal Research Center for Women & Families in 2011.[23]

Delegate to Congress

See also: District of Columbia poll rights

Norton was elected in 1990 as a Democratic delegate e-mail the House of Representatives.

She defeated city council member Betty Ann Kane in the essential despite the last-minute revelation turn this way Norton and her husband, both lawyers, had failed to report D.C. income tax returns betwixt 1982 and 1989.[24] The Nortons paid over $80,000 in inflame taxes and fines.[25][26] Her crusade manager was Donna Brazile.[26] Depiction delegate position was open due to Del.

Walter Fauntroy was say for mayor rather than hunting reelection.[27] Norton received 39 percentage of the vote in birth Democratic primary election,[28] and 59 percent of the vote increase the general election.[29] Norton took office on January 3, 1991, and has been reelected from time to time two years since.[27]

Delegates to Legislature are entitled to sit bay the House of Representatives scold vote in committee, and difficulty offer amendments in the Commission of the Whole, but authenticate not allowed to take theme in legislative floor votes.[30][31] Significance district and four U.S. territories—Guam, Indweller Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands—send envoys to Congress; the Resident Agent of Puerto Rico has dignity same rights as delegates.[30]

William Apostle and the White House Placidity Vigil inspired Norton to establish the Nuclear Disarmament and Budgetary Conversion Act, which would ask for the United States to eat away at and dismantle its nuclear weapons at such time as accomplished other nations possessing nuclear weapons do likewise.[32] Norton has archaic introducing a version of magnanimity bill since 1994.[32]

Legislation strongly corroborated by Norton that would rights the District of Columbia great voting representative in the Sort out, the District of Columbia Residence Voting Rights Act of 2009, was passed by the Concerted States Senate on February 26, 2009.

However, the legislation stalled in the House and unavailing to pass prior to ethics end of the 111th Congress.

The legislation proposed in 2009 blunt not grant Norton the clear to vote in the 111th Congress, as she would have abstruse to remain in her elect office of delegate for rendering duration of her two-year term.[33]

In September 2010, the national shove criticized Norton after the flee of a voice message just the thing which she solicited campaign dosh from a lobbyist representing nifty project that she oversaw.

Norton countered that the message was typical of appeals made dampen all members of Congress careful that the call was prefabricated from campaign offices not remunerative for by taxpayers.[34] In Stride 2012, the public radio focus This American Life featured depiction voicemail message at the incline of a program on lobbying titled "Take the Money charge Run for Office".[35]

In May 2012, Norton was blocked from testifying on an anti-abortion bill need her district—the second time she has been blocked from noticeable about abortion.

She insisted drift it was a denial look upon a common courtesy. Representative Jerrold Nadler supported Norton's protest, expression "Never in my 20 years because a member of Congress own acquire I seen a colleague convenience so contemptuously."[36][37][38]

In August 2014, puzzle out the D.C.

Board of Elections voted to put a painstakingly about marijuana legalization on rendering ballot in November 2014, Norton vowed to defend against prole congressional attempt to stop rectitude district from voting on rendering issue and to, if in demand, fight any attempt to stadium implementation.[39]

She is a member virtuous the Congressional Progressive Caucus[40] refuse the Congressional Black Caucus.[41]

Committee assignments

Caucus memberships

  • On July 8, 2013, Norton sponsored H.R. 2611 (An act make sure of designate the Douglas A.

    Fell Coast Guard Headquarters Building (H.R. 2611; 113th Congress)) to fame the new Coast Guard sordid after Munro, the United States Coast Guard's only Medal cut into Honor recipient.[53]

  • On October 28, 2013, Norton sponsored H.R. 3343 (To reform the District of Columbia Sunny Rule Act to clarify goodness rules regarding the determination observe the compensation of the Leading Financial Officer of the Partition of Columbia), a bill lose one\'s train of thought would increase the cap desire D.C.'s CFO pay from $199,700 to around $250,000.[54][55]
  • On March 10, 2014, Norton sponsored the Section of Columbia Courts, Public Protector Service, and Court Services deliver Offender Supervision Agency Act bazaar 2014 (H.R.

    4185; 113th Congress), a bill that would sham changes to the District cancel out Columbia Official Code that governs the D.C. Courts system.[56][57] Norton argued that the bill "will help make our local objectiveness process more efficient and, hence, more effective for the populace of the District."[58]

Legislation supported

Appearances

On July 27, 2006, Norton appeared darken the "Better Know a District" segment of Comedy Central's The Colbert Report, in which she spiritedly defended the District remaining Columbia's claim to being well-ordered part of the United States.[62] She also appeared on dignity joint The Colbert Report/The Ordinary Show "Midterm Midtacular" special stop November 7, 2006.[63] Norton gave further interviews to Stephen Sauce on March 22, 2007,[64] brook April 24, 2007, on glory subject of representation in high-mindedness District of Columbia.[65] On Feb 12, 2008, Colbert and Norton discussed her status as unmixed superdelegate as well as jewels support of Barack Obama insinuation president.[66] She appeared once encore on February 11, 2009, let down discuss D.C.

representation and spoken for absorbed Colbert that she would get done him an honorary citizen prop up Washington, D.C., and give him a key to the get, if D.C. citizens were affirmed representation. Colbert in turn gave Norton a "TV promise" deviate he would be there be obliged that happen.[67] Norton made far-out further appearance on Colbert's portion on June 25, 2014, pivot she discussed the impact ramble African-American Democrats had on minister Thad Cochran's primary defeat be the owner of Chris McDaniel, a Tea Concern candidate, as well as Colbert's final episode among a company of past guests.[68]

On June 27, 2008, Norton appeared on Democracy Now! to discuss the Principal Court's ruling in District discover Columbia v.

Heller,[69] which she strongly opposed. On December 5, 2014, Norton appeared on Hannity to discuss the shooting transience bloodshed of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, on which she famous she did not read significance evidence of the case, on the contrary criticized the racial profiling observe young African Americans.[70][71]

Legislation regarding NFL tax-exempt status

On October 2, 2014, ABC News reported that Norton, discussing her co-sponsorship of deft bill aimed at changing illustriousness National Football League's tax-exempt rank, stated: "The NFL greed attempt so widespread that they've elect to operate as a tax-free organization.

So we want stop with take that choice away implant them unless, and until, they decide not to profit a name that has advise officially been declared a folk slur."[72] In essence, Norton's angle was that until the NFL forced the Washington Redskins p (Daniel Marc Snyder) to charge the team name she would support legislation that would manage the NFL's tax status thereby costing the league money.[73]

In universal culture

Eleanor Holmes Norton is describe by Joy Bryant in Goliath Video's original series Good Girls Revolt and by Donna Biscoe in the HBO original shoot Confirmation.[74][75]

She is featured in picture feminist history film She's Dense When She's Angry.[76][77]

She is show by Ayana Workman in influence film Rustin.[78]

Personal life

Norton was wedded to Edward Norton.

They apart on November 17, 1990,[79] shaft he died in 2014.[80]

She has two children; John, and Katherine who has Down syndrome.[80][81] Norton is an Episcopalian.[82][83][84]

Awards

See also

References

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