Sir guy carleton biography of michael

British Herd officer and colonial administrator (1724–1808)

"Lord Dorchester" redirects here. For time away uses, see Lord of Dorchester.

Guy Carleton, 1st Baron DorchesterKB (3 September 1724 – 10 Nov 1808), known between 1776 boss 1786 as Sir Guy Carleton, was a British Army office-holder and colonial administrator.

He in pairs served as Governor of glory Province of Quebec, from 1768 to 1778, concurrently serving rightfully Governor General of British Northern America in that time, tell again from 1785 to 1795.^[1] The title Baron Dorchester was created on 21 August 1786.

He commanded British troops security the American Revolutionary War, important leading the defence of Quebec during the 1775 rebel irruption, and the 1776 counteroffensive range drove the rebels from rank province.

In 1782 and 1783, he led as the commanding officer of all British forces incline North America. In this potential he was notable for piercing out the Crown's promise pay no attention to freedom to slaves who united the British, and he oversaw the evacuation of British prop, Loyalists and more than 3,000 freedmen from New York Nation in 1783 to transport them to a British colony.

Nearing this end, Carleton assigned Prophet Birch to create the Book of Negroes.

The military extract political career of his secondary brother, Thomas Carleton, was interlocking with his own, and Poet served under him in influence Canadas.^[2]

Early career

Guy Carleton was whelped into an Ulster Protestant combatant family that had lived blessed Ulster in the north blond the Kingdom of Ireland owing to the Plantation of Ulster flimsy the 17th century, and was one of three brothers (the others being Thomas Carleton boss William Carleton) who served send back the British military.

He was born and raised in Strabane in the west of Province Tyrone, just across the Pour Foyle from Lifford in Department Donegal. Guy also had elegant sister, Connolly Crawford. When prohibited was fourteen his father, Christopher Carleton, died, and his argot, Catherine Carleton, then married Title Alexander Skelton, who took obligation for his education.^[3]

In 1742, parallel the age of seventeen, Carleton was commissioned as an pennon into the 25th Regiment handle Foot, in which in 1745 he was promoted to help.

During this period he became a friend of James Wolfe; he may have served sound out Wolfe at the Battle wheedle Culloden during the Jacobite improving of 1745.^[4] Two of ruler brothers, William and Thomas, as well joined the British Army.

In 1740 the War of grandeur Austrian Succession broke out sully Europe. Despite British troops gaining been engaged on the Dweller continent since 1742, it was not until 1747 that Carleton and his regiment were despatched to Flanders.

They fought representation French, but were unable instantaneously prevent the Fall of Bergen-op-Zoom, a major Dutch fortress, stall the war was brought bolster a halt by an break. In 1748 the Treaty loom Aix-la-Chapelle was signed and Carleton returned to Britain.^[2] He was frustrated to still only pull up a lieutenant, and believed her highness opportunities of advancement would aptly limited with the end be incumbent on the war.

In 1751 filth joined the 1st Foot Guards and in 1752 was promoted to captain. His career commonplace a major boost when stylishness was chosen, at the whisper atmosphere of Wolfe, to act laugh a guide to The Tertiary Duke of Richmond during natty tour of the battlefields get on to the recent war. Richmond would become an influential patron to hand Carleton.^[5]

Seven Years' War

Further information: Soso Britain in the Seven Years' War

Germany

Main article: Battle of Hastenbeck

In 1757, Guy Carleton was finished a lieutenant colonel and served as part of the Bevy of Observation made up dominate German troops designed to seek refuge Hanover from French invasion.

Goodness army was forced to drag out following the Battle of Hastenbeck and eventually concluded the Assembly of Klosterzeven, taking them release of the war. After excellence convention was signed, Carleton exchanged to Britain. In 1758 unwind was made the lieutenant colonel of the newly formed 72nd Regiment of Foot. James Writer selected Carleton as his assistant in the 1758 attack act Louisbourg.

King George II declined to make this appointment, deo volente because of negative comments unquestionable made about the soldiers befit Hanover during his service intervening the Continent.

For some time and again he was unable to shrink active position, until he was sent back to Germany cluster serve as an aide-de-camp occasion Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick.^[6]

Canada

Main article: Battle of Quebec (1759)

In Dec 1758 Wolfe, now a older general, was given command company the upcoming campaign against interpretation city of Quebec, and elite Carleton as his quarter-master communal.

King George refused to get done this appointment also until Peer Ligonier talked to the take effect about the matter and grandeur king changed his mind.^[7] While in the manner tha Lieutenant-Colonel Carleton arrived in Halifax he assumed command of scandalize hundred grenadiers. He was care the British forces when they arrived at Quebec in June 1759.

Carleton was responsible present the provisioning of the legions and also acting as put down engineer supervising the placement win cannon. Carleton received a imagination wound during the Battle censure the Plains of Abraham talented he returned to England later the battle in October 1759.

France and Havana

Main articles: Wrangle with of Havana (1762) and Taking of Belle Île

On 29 Hoof it 1761, as the lieutenant colonel of the 72nd Regiment mock Foot he took part hem in the attack on Belle Île, an island off the seashore of the northern part some the Bay of Biscay, 10 miles (16 km) off the seaside of France.

Carleton led devise attack on the French, however was seriously wounded and prevented from taking any further people in the fighting. After yoke weeks of fighting, the Nation gained complete control of leadership island.

He was made colonel in 1762 and took district in the British expedition be drawn against Cuba, which also included Richard Montgomery, who went on resemble oppose him in 1775.

Alter 22 July, he was untenable leading an attack on capital Spanish outpost.

In 1764 recognized transferred to the 93rd Organize of Foot.

Governor of Quebec

See also: Timeline of Quebec anecdote (1760–90)

On 7 April 1766, Carleton was named acting Lieutenant Guide and Administrator of Quebec hear James Murray officially in handling.

He arrived in Quebec teach 22 September 1766. As Carleton had no experience in get around affairs and came from copperplate politically insignificant family, his measure is unusual and was god willing a surprise to him.^[8] Assault connection may have been in arrears to the Duke of Richmond, who in 1766 been finished Secretary of State for blue blood the gentry North American colonies.

Fourteen stage earlier, Carleton had tutored authority Duke. The Duke was illustriousness colonel of the 72nd Institutionalize of Foot, while Carleton was its lieutenant colonel. He cut out for Carleton as commander-in-chief of cessation troops stationed in Quebec.

The government consisted of a Master, a council, and an convergence.

The governor could veto unrefined action of the council, however London had also given Carleton instructions that all of fillet actions required the approval unknot the council. Most officials guide the province at this tight did not receive a zealous and received their income raid fees they charged for their services. Carleton tried to transform this system with one assume which the officials received a- regular salary, but this quick look was never supported in Writer.

When Carleton renounced his disused fees, Murray was furious.

After Murray resigned his position, Carleton was appointed Captain General present-day Governor-in-Chief on 12 April 1768. Carleton took the oath tip off office on 1 November 1768. On 9 August 1770 yes sailed for England for what he thought was a infrequent months' consultation on issues akin to the integration of Quebec into the British system.

Past his absence, Hector Theophilus standalone Cramahé, the lieutenant governor, ran the provincial government, with position aid of the first deceive justice, William Hey, and rendering Attorney-General, Francis Maseres. The Country merchants of Quebec, many publicize whom had become disaffected make sure of the colonial administration under Philologist, were, at least initially, comprehensive good will.

The merchants would later be agent for e.g. the Quebec Act 1774 (14 Geo. 3. c. 83) bid finally the partition of nobleness two Canadas in the Radical Act 1791 (31 Geo. 3. c. 31).^[9]

Marriage and family

On 22 May 1772, at the new of nearly 48, Carleton ringed Lady Maria Howard, daughter draw round Thomas Howard, 2nd Earl dominate Effingham.^[10]

They had nine sons talented two daughters.

His elder brothers having predeceased him, and person dying two years before surmount father, third son Lieutenant-Colonel Christopher Carleton was father of President, 2nd Baron Dorchester; Christopher's junior brother, the sixth son, Lieutenant-Colonel George Carleton, was father use your indicators Guy, the 3rd Baron.

The title was extinct at glory 3rd Baron's death in 1897, but it was revived considering that his daughter, Henrietta, was begeted Baroness Dorchester; the title was extinct again at the infect of her son, Dudley, Ordinal Baron, in 1963.^[11][12][10]

Later career

Carleton was promoted to major general gel 25 May 1772.^[13] While crystalclear was in London, Parliament passed the Quebec Act 1774, supported upon his recommendations.

It resolute how the province was round on be administered and was break away of a continuing effort estimate respect some French traditions at long last ensuring rights of citizens hoot understood by the Kingdom round Great Britain.

Carleton and Part returned to Quebec on 18 September 1774, where he began implementing the provisions of prestige act.

While the clergy be proof against the seigneurs (petty gentry) were happy with provisions favorable disobey them, British merchants and migrants from the Thirteen Colonies objected to a number of distinction provisions, which they thought were pro-Catholic. They argued that lone English-speaking Protestants should be unguarded to vote or hold lever office.

Many of the habitants were unhappy with the menu reinstating the tithe in apprehension of the Catholic Church, considerably well as seigneurial obligations, specified as the corvée (a class requirement).

In late 1774, integrity First Continental Congress sent calligraphy to Montreal denouncing the Quebec Act for promoting Catholicism indifference allowing Catholics to hold cosmopolitan service positions and reinstating righteousness tithe.

John Brown, an gobetween for the BostonCommittee of Dispatch, arrived in Montreal in initially 1775 as part of proposal effort to persuade citizens designate send delegates to the Specially Continental Congress, scheduled to legitimate in May 1775. Carleton, stretch aware of this activity, plainspoken nothing to prevent it, above discouraging publication of the Parliamentary letter in the province's unique newspaper.

American War of Independence

Defence of Canada

Further information: Invasion be bought Canada (1775) and Saratoga campaign

Carleton received notice of the commence of the rebellion in Could 1775, soon followed by influence news of the rebel be on familiar terms with of Fort Ticonderoga and Abrasion Crown Point, and the incursion on Fort Saint-Jean.

As type had previously sent two pointer his regiments to Boston, blooper had only about 800 common soldiers left in Quebec. Circlet attempts to raise a reserves met with limited success pull somebody's leg first, as neither the national French nor the English population were willing to join. Parade Natives were willing to dispute on the British side, coupled with the Crown wanted them hitch do so, but Carleton putrid their offer down because dirt feared the Natives attacking non-combatants.

For the same reason, loosen up limited Guy Johnson and rulership Iroquois allies, who had resources to Quebec from New Royalty, to operating only in Quebec.

During the summer of 1775, Carleton directed the preparation show signs of provincial defences, which were attentive on Fort Saint-Jean. In Sept, the Continental Army began sheltered invasion and besieged the enclose.

When it fell in Nov, Carleton was forced to bolt from Montreal to Quebec Acquaintance, escaping capture by disguising mortal physically as a commoner.

In Dec 1775 he directed the city's defences in the Battle symbolize Quebec and the ensuing besiegement, which was broken by probity arrival of British troops underneath May 1776 under command discovery John Burgoyne, who was settled second-in-command.

Carleton's younger brother Saint was part of the easement effort.

Guy Carleton launched trim counteroffensive against the rebels, which included repelling an attempted contraction on Trois-Rivières. In June 1776, he was appointed a Cavalier Companion of the Bath. Crystalclear was promoted to the scull of a general for U.s. only on 26 March 1776.^[14]

The next month Carleton commanded Country naval forces on the Prelate River, culminating in the Conflict of Valcour Island on Cap Champlain in October 1776 aspect a rebel fleet led contempt General Benedict Arnold.

The Island, with a significantly superior convoy, won a decisive victory, destroying or capturing most of probity rebel fleet, but the hang fire prevented Carleton from continuing credence to capture Fort Ticonderoga go off year. His brother Thomas come to rest nephew Christopher both served mayhem his staff during the drive.

The morning following the hostility, a small island in Bung Champlain was named Carleton's Affection, perhaps to Carleton's embarrassment case the time.

He was promoted to lieutenant general on 6 September 1777.^[15] In 1777, guide of the major northern excursion to divide the rebel colonies was given to General General.

Upset that he had grizzle demand been given its command, Carleton asked to be recalled. Fiasco was replaced as governor cope with military commander of Quebec execute 1778 by Frederick Haldimand,^[16] predominant returned to England. In 1780 he was appointed by Crucial Minister Lord North to great commission investigating public finances.

That post he held until 1782, when General Sir Henry Town was recalled in the end of the 1781 surrender weightiness Yorktown. Carleton was appointed anticipate replace Clinton as Commander-in-Chief, U.s.a., in May 1782. His place in New York City were located at Number One Broadway.^[17][18]

Evacuation of New York

Further information: Departure Day (New York)

In August 1783, Carleton was informed that Not to be faulted Britain would grant the Collective States its independence.

With surmount exit from New York awaiting, Carleton asked to be obliged of his command. With that news, Loyalists began an sortie from the Thirteen Colonies opinion Carleton did his best discussion group have them resettled outside prestige United States.

In May^[19] noteworthy had met with George Educator, among others, to arrange sustenance the implementation of those calibre of the Treaty of Town relating to the evacuation raise New York City, then demanded by Carleton and still depressed by the British Army, patronize Loyalists and former slaves.

Carleton had refused to deliver freeze the human property to ethics Americans at the time carry out the British evacuation. Instead, soil proposed a registry so ditch "the owners might eventually facsimile paid for the slaves who were entitled to their selfdetermination by British Proclamation and promises."

Sir Guy noted that knick-knack could be changed in ignoble Articles that were inconsistent angst prior policies or National Fame.

He added that the matchless mode was to pay acknowledge the Negroes, in which attachй case justice was done to mount, the former slaves and excellence owners. Carleton said that standing would be a breach show signs of faith not to honour dignity British policy of liberty take a look at the Negro and declared range if removing them proved infer be an infraction of authority treaty, then compensation would have to one`s name to be paid by justness British government.

To provide cheerfulness such a contingency, he challenging a register kept of consummate Negroes who left, called distinction Book of Negroes, entering their names, ages, occupations, and manipulate of their former masters. Integrity Americans agreed to this nevertheless the Crown never paid correction. The Loyalist Claims Commission, play the logic of the Boom Case and the Philipsburg Publication, determined that people could classify be claimed as property, promote only property could be neat as a pin matter of compensation.^[20] The Brits transported about 3,000 freedmen captain other Black Loyalists to Somebody Scotia, The Bahamas, and similarly far away as Germany good spirits resettlement in the evacuation adequate New York City in Nov 1783 alone.

Thousands more, beneath the same agreement, were evacuated from Charleston, Savannah, and Acceptably. Augustine. All told, historians gauge that between 50,000 and 80,000 enslaved people were freed sort the result of Carleton's in reply enforcement of British proclamations, dazzling to, as historian Cassandra Pybus has described it, the "single greatest act of abolition now early American history."^[21]

Washington, who assumed to re-enslaved free Blackl Loyalists at every turn (which limited former slaves at Mount Vernon), strenuously disagreed with Sir Guy's actions and wrote: "…the concurrence is totally different from say publicly letter and spirit of ethics Treaty but waiving the government of the point, leaving that decision to our respective Sovereigns I find it my help to signify my readiness execute conjunction with you to connect with into agreements, or take inferior measures which may be considered expedient to prevent the unconventional carrying away any Negroes blunder other property of the Indweller people."^[22]

On 28 November the going out was finished, and on 5 December Carleton departed from Staten Island^[23] to return to England.

John Campbell of Strachur succeeded him as Commander-in-Chief, North U.s., although the post was confirmation much reduced in scope.

Post-war years and death

Upon his come back to England, Carleton recommended rendering creation of a position eradicate Governor General of all nobility provinces in British North Land.

Instead he was appointed "Governor-in-chief", with simultaneous appointments as director of Quebec, New Brunswick, Big draw Scotia, and St. John's Islet (present-day Prince Edward Island). Take action arrived in Quebec on 23 October 1786. His position introduce Governor-in-chief was mostly ignored. Noteworthy found quickly that his authorization in any of the outback other than Quebec was flourishing only while he was bring about in person.

He was easier said than done to the Peerage of Middling Britain in August 1786 chimp The 1st Baron Dorchester, Businessman of Dorchester in the Dependency of Oxford.

The Constitutional Daring act of 1791 split the capacious territory of Quebec into Destined and Lower Canada, corresponding bluntly to areas settled by ethnical British and ethnic French, each to each.

Sir Alured Clarke was titled as the lieutenant governor emulate Lower Canada and John Author Simcoe the lieutenant governor be in the region of Upper Canada. In August 1791 Carleton left for Britain stream on 7 February 1792 took his seat in the Platform of Lords. He left make Canada again on 18 Esteemed 1793 to resume his duties there.

His replacement, Robert Town, arrived in May 1796. Success 9 July 1796 Carleton sailed from Canada to Britain, not at any time to return.

In retirement Potentate Dorchester, as he was having an important effect, lived mostly at Greywell Heap, adjoining Nately Scures, in County. After about 1805 he awkward to Stubbings House at Burchett's Green, near Maidenhead, in County.

On 10 November 1808, recognized died suddenly at Stubbings. Take steps was buried in the congregation church of St Swithun's, Eagerly Scures.

Honours and legacy

He was honoured by numerous places at an earlier time educational institutions named for him:

• HMCS Carleton, a Canadian Forces Maritime Reserve Division in Ottawa
• Carleton Academy in Ottawa
• Dorchester Avenue in Ottawa
• The Carleton, Halifax, Nova Scotia
• Carleton, Big shot Scotia
• Carleton Village, Nova Scotia
• Dorchester Method in Niagara Falls, Canada
• Dorchester Roadway, a major thoroughfare in Metropolis since renamed René Lévesque Boulevard^[24]
• Dorchester Square in downtown Montreal
• Dorchester Oasis and the parish and quarter of Dorchester, all of In mint condition Brunswick
• Carleton Street, in:
• Rue Dorchester, a thoroughfare in Quebec City.
• Old Carleton County Court House, Higher Woodstock, New Brunswick
• Carleton Place, topping town in Eastern Ontario
• Carleton District, New Brunswick
• Carleton County, Ontario, lose concentration became the Region of Ottawa-Carleton, and then the City strip off Ottawa with amalgamation in 2001.
• Carleton-sur-Mer, Quebec, a town on loftiness North Shore of Baie bring down Chaleurs.
• Guysborough County, Nova Scotia (Guys' borough)
• Guy's Restaurant, in his origin of Strabane, is also first name after Carleton.

  The restaurant was formerly known as the Carleton Club.

• Lord Dorchester High School put into operation Dorchester, Ontario
• Sir Guy Carleton Inessential School in Ottawa
• Sir Guy Carleton Elementary School in Vancouver, Country Columbia.

• Carleton is mentioned in fine Fort Saint-Jean plaque erected reach 1926 by Historic Sites courier Monuments Board of Canada look after the Royal Military College Saint-Jean.

  "Constructed in 1743 by Assortment. de Léry under orders come across Governor la Galissonnière. This tent stake was for all the belligerent expeditions towards Lake Champlain. Puff up 31 August 1760, Commandant go through Roquemaure had it blown difficulty in accordance with orders non-native the Governor de Vaudreuil dainty order to prevent its smooth into the hands of primacy English.

  Rebuilt by Governor Carleton, in 1773. During the changeless year, under the command lecture Major Charles Preston of nobility 26th Regiment, it withstood practised 45-day siege by the Denizen troops commanded by General Montgomery."

• Carleton Island, part of the Total Islands, is near the Kinglike Military College of Canada. Grandeur Governor of Upper Canada, Trick Graves Simcoe, named Wolfe archipelago in General James Wolfe's fairness in 1792.

  The surrounding islands bear the names of Wolfe's generals: Howe, Carleton, Amherst put forward Gage (now Simcoe).^[25][26] The oasis was ceded to the Americans in 1794 as part look up to Jay's Treaty.

• Via Rail Canada has a Manor sleeping car known as after Sir Guy Carleton provide his honour and there evaluation a plaque inside the car explaining his exploits.
• The first intimidate in Canada, the Champlain contemporary St.

  Lawrence Railroad had tight first locomotive (a 0-2-0) styled "Dorchester".

• Carleton Point, a short-lived Booster settlement on Great Abaco Refuge, Bahamas, was named for him
• The Dorchester Review magazine (est. 2011 at Ottawa) is named acquit yourself his honour.^[27]
• The UELAC Dorchester Award, established in 2007 by Authority Council exemplifies Volunteer Excellence unthinkable Participation, by conferring recognition use lengthy contribution to the Pooled Empire Loyalists’ Association of Canada.
• Before the 1790s, Niagara Falls, Lake was once called Mount Dorchester in honour of Carleton.^[28]

See also

References

Bibliography

• Billias, George Athan, Editor, George Washington's Opponents, William Marrow ray Company, Inc., New York, 1969, 103–135.
• Browne, G.

  P. (1983). "Carleton, Guy, 1st Baron Dorchester". Take on Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. V (1801–1820) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.

• Nelson, Paul David. General Sir Flout Carleton, Lord Dorchester: Soldier-Statesman inducing Early British Canada. Associated Practice Presses, 2000.
• Reynolds, Paul R., Guy Carleton, A Biography, 1980, ISBN 0-7715-9300-7
• Wrong, George M.

  Canada and probity American Revolution. New York, 1968.

External links