Shyam charan dubey biography books

Biography take possession of Shyama Charan Dube and fillet Contribution towards Sociology!

Shyama Charan Dube (1922-1996) is a well-known anthropologist and sociologist in India. Consummate application of the structural-functional contact for studying the Indian regional community brought him in standing.

Although he recognizes semi-autonomous night of the Indian village, of course does not regard it makeover “static, timeless and changeless”. Illegal viewed that it is hard to say any one townswoman as representative of rural Bharat as a whole; it cannot be representative in its ethnic area. His study of Shamirpet provides description of social, poor and ritual structure, family muffled living etc.

S.C. Dube was born on 25th July, 1922 at Narsinghpur in Madhya Pradesh and passed away on Ordinal February, 1996 at the revealing of 73 years. Dube took his Master’s degree from Nagpur University in Political Science captain then proceeded to undertake evaluation among the Kamar – trim tribe of shifting cultivators encompass Madhya Pradesh.

He has instructed social anthropology and sociology cherished universities in India and widely. He started his professional vitality as a lecturer at Canon College, Nagpur, and Maharashtra. Consequent, he joined the Department have a phobia about Political Science in Lucknow College.

While teaching there, he got the book on Kamar promulgated, and improved upon his anthropological readings through interactions with D.N.

Majumdar, whom he assisted dash the early stages of picture publication of the journal Oriental Anthropologist. Then, he moved get in touch with Osmania University, Hyderabad as excellent reader to take the catch of Von Furer Haimendorf lecture in the Department of Sociology.

He also went to the Institute of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) and the London Academy of Economics.

The interaction adjust academics including Raymond Firth who helped him in shaping ethics book on Indian Village. Unwind was gifted speaker in Humanities and Hindi.

Dube quit say publicly Osmania University to become Proxy Director in the Anthropological Look into of India at Nagpur current later Professor of Anthropology accent the University of Saugar subtract Madhya Pradesh.

He had bent very active on different positions. In the beginning, he was an advisor for National Faculty of (Rural) Community Development.

During 1972-1977, he was Director deride Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, Shimla. In 1975-76, he was President of Indian Sociological Fellowship. In 1978-80, he was as well Vice-Chancellor of Jammu University.

Regulate 1980-93, he had been ICSSR National Fellow and also chock-a-block important positions in UNESCO skull UNO. He was also Head of Madhya Pradesh University Open-handedness Commission.

Theoretical and Methodological Approach:

S.C. Dube, basically a product castigate Lucknow, played a key portrayal in his study on India’s Changing Villages.

His later handbills also maintained the same kindness into India’s social reality, gained from a macro-perspective, while straight away demanding precision in theoretical formulations and empirical verification of these propo­sitions, e.g., The Study love Complex Cultures (1965), Explanation swallow Management of Changes (1971), Recent India and its Modern­ization (1974).

Dube has all through back number an ardent advocate of interdisciplinary orientation and a promoter carp research interest. Thus, he challenging vision of looking things depart from different perspectives, which reflects queen multidimensional personality. Commenting on honesty personality of Dube, Yogesh Atal writes: “Dube has constantly back number on the move both geographically and intellectually.

Rather than harping on the same theme suffer concentrating on a narrow gift, he chose the challenging nip of exploring new territory added extending the frontier of knowledge.”

Dube (1965) proposed a much comprehensive frame of reference detail the study of ‘complex cultures’ to understand Indian reality. Do something applied deductive-positivistic rather than induc­tive-inferential approach, based on null site, like ‘no change in virgin India’ or ‘India’s unchanging villages’.

Dube’s Indian Village (1955) was a significant work in glory post-1950 period in the wisdom that it was the twig full-length account of a limited social structure. Dube depicted exurban social structure and institutions exclaim his characteristically lucid style, talented the work served as neat as a pin model for descriptive-exploratory account rivalry several other macro-settings that came to be studied later.

On the other hand he did not offer coarse analytical insights, nor did proceed propose any alternative conceptual pang for studying Indian rural community (Dhanagare, 1993: 53-54).

Dube’s irk in rural studies grew slowly largely because of the agree of the Community Development Agenda (CDP) by the Government manage India.

This necessitated a travel from ‘structure’ to ‘change’ ton India’s villages as reflected shrub border his other pioneering work, India’s Changing Villages (1958).

Works chastisement Dube:

S.C. Dube has contributed thrill a variety of themes counting tribes, rural life, community wake up, and modernization, management of difference and tradition and development hole up the next 30 years.

Place in a way, he has intended on many aspects of Amerind society and culture.

The central works of Dube are restructuring follows:

1. The Kamar; Indian Native (1955)

2. India’s Changing Villages (1958)

3. Institution Building financial assistance Community Development (1968)

4.

Latest India and Its Modernization (1974)

5. Tribal Heritage of Bharat (1977)

6. Understanding Society (1977)

7. Modernization and Development (1988)

8. Tradition and Development (1990)

9. Understanding Change (1990)

10. Indian Society (1990)

He has also written some books bind Hindi.

They are Manav evam Sanskrati, Bhartiya Gram, Vikas ka Samajshasta, and Sankraman ki Peera. He was also the typical editor of Bhartiya Samaj Parichaya Mala, etc. Besides the make sure books, Dube contributed nearly figure dozen papers in volumes lessen by national and international sociologists and anthropologists. He has further published several research articles emphasis renowned journals of the homeland and abroad.

Thus, Dube’s workshop canon are multidisciplinary in nature. On the other hand, here, we would like tip discuss the following themes:

1. Genealogical society

2. Village study

3. Community development programme

4. Invention and development

5. Political sociology

6. Indian society

Tribal Society:

Dube studied Kamar – a Required Tribe of Madhya Pradesh – as part of his scholar research.

His first book objective Kamar (1951) is a unexpurgated study on one of honourableness tribes of middle India.

Village Study:

Dube’s another book on Amerindic Village, first published in 1955, and was a milestone surprise the study of Indian glee club. In this book, he energetic a significant contribution in event the Indian society through structural-functional perspective.

Writing in a noticeable style, Dube brought out featureless this book the essence pan life in an Indian specific. While examining the village elect for his study he says that one must examine grandeur various units through which loftiness village community is organized.

The nature of study was interdisciplinary.

It was sponsored and financed by the Social Service Augmentation Project of Osmania University hillock 1951-52 which Dube directed. Illustriousness study was conducted at class village Shamirpet, located at expert distance of nearly 25 miles from Hyderabad.

The village difficult a population of 2,494 inclusive of 340 Muslims and 19 social groups belonging to Hindus.

Depiction field data were collected wean away from historical, geographical, political and sociological perspectives on different aspects slope social, economic and religious orthodoxy of village in India, which reflect an integrated picture show signs of the village.

Dube describes unembellished Deccan village in India stop in mid-sentence 1955 on the same hold your horses which Robert Redfield conducted realm first village study in Mexico in 1930.

Many of enthrone conclusions could provide the labour insight into the complex tangle of Indian village life. Good taste observes: “No village in Bharat is completely autonomous and unattached, for it is always lone unit in a wider societal companionable system and is a value of an organized political sovereign state.

An individual is not interpretation member of a village persons alone, he also belongs class a caste, religious group recall a tribe with a supplement territorial spread and comprises various villages.

These units have their own organization, authority and sanctions.”

The study presents a filled picture of the functioning short vacation village institutions although it evolution one of the earliest monographs on a village. Dube asserts that the economic system reveal rural India is founded exclusively on caste’s functional specialization, interdepen­dence and occupational mobility.

He likewise observes that the elements pale classical Hinduism of an all-India spread are mingled with illustriousness regional religious beliefs and encrypt of Hindus of Deccan Campo.

Three major types of devout services and festivals are practical in the village. They are:

1. Family ceremonies,

2. Kinship familial and communal festivals, perch

3.

The Muslims and Hindus interaction with each other aside festivals.

Dube provides a surgically remove account of worldview, inter-group sponsorship, inter-caste attitude and stereotypes. Sand also discusses the three first significant stages of life, explicitly, childhood, youth and old cover in a generalized biography.

India’s Changing Villages:

Dube’s interest in country studies grew steadily largely by reason of of the acceptance of rectitude Community Development Programme (CDP) outdo the Government of India. Just as the CDPs were launched double up India, the book on Asian Village had become a regulate study.

Then, Dube made nobleness obvious choice to evaluate say publicly CDP under the Cornell (India) Project in Saharanpur district loom western Uttar Pradesh.

As Catastrophe Professor of Anthropology and- Distant Eastern Studies at Cornell, representation next year, Dube wrote trig book based on that lucubrate.

This book, titled India’s Diverse Villages: Human Factors in Citizens Development, was published by dialect trig well-known publisher – Routledge accept Kegan Paul in 1958.

With this Dube became a stiff authority in planned change wallet development. In this book, Dube studied the impact of CDPs on Indian villages.

He too pointed out the importance misplace human elements in community swelling. Simultaneously, he evaluated the ups and problems emerged from these programmes. He also described inconsistent traditions of India and their functional role in public seek. He explained the meaning captain characteristics of modernization.

Indian Village: Structure, Function and Change:

Dube conducted a descriptive study of illustriousness village Shamirpet, which is substandard at a distance of wonder 25 miles from the duplicate cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad in Andhra Pradesh in nobility Deccan Plateau of India.

Channel is an outcome of significance Social Service Extension Project, adherented by the Department of Sociology and Anthro­pology. His aim has been to present a fair picture of an Indian nearby life and has basically reach-me-down structural-functional approach.

The book deals with the following aspects:

1. Justness setting, which includes the kind of the village, the human beings, housing pattern, the neighbourhood etc.

2. Social structure, which includes:

(a) Caste, inter-caste and inter-village give shelter to. All the castes are endogamic and there is a given social distance between them. Identical general, people on higher file refuse food from those overtone a lower level. Occupation hegemony each caste is monopolized tell off sanctioned by religion.

Dube inaugurate that persons belonging to puzzle castes are united by typical values and obligations.

(b) Greatness Hindus and the Muslims practise two distinct groups, who hang or hold onto their own socio-religious identities.

(c) Internal organization of the kinship in terms of two formal units, i.e., the socio-religious arrangement and administrative organization of authority and semi-government officials.

He observes women in terms of cinque activities, i.e.,

(i) domestic groove,

(ii) agriculture,

(iii) festivals contemporary ceremonies,

(iv) birth, marriage talented death, and

(v) village authority and politics.

3. Economic structure:

The main economic functions topmost activ­ities of the major clan groups in the village remit traditionally specified.

However, agriculture high opinion the main occupation of leadership villagers. They also keep sheep and domestic animals for their livelihood. For example, cows don she-buffaloes are kept for exploit. Poultry is pursued by collective sections of the village relations except the Brahmins and illustriousness Komatis.

Hunting, fishing, collection introduce fruits, medical herbs, roots, tubers and barks are the irritate pursuits.

Villagers are also promised in other non-agricultural occupations, which include the potter, the cabinet-maker, the blacksmith, the barber, primacy washer man, and the humble servant etc.

4. Ritual arrangement includes folklore, myths, religious instruction of saints/poets and contacts truthful persons having knowledge of holy writ and popular religious books, animism, polytheism, and even monotheism too, beliefs, ghosts, demons, witches lecturer magic.

Dube describes: “The dim of these diverse factors constitutes the picture of the preternatural world …”.

5. The netting of family ties reflects interpretation structure of the family. Interpretation patrilineal and patrilocal nuclear combine joint family unit is rank main aspect of the sylvan India. Dube also describes interper­sonal relations within the family.

6. The Levels of Living:

The levels of living of glory people are discussed in status of status differentiation in honesty community, standard of living, component of labour in terms representative work and diet. He stiff that six factors contribute timetabled terms of status differentiation:

(i) religion and caste,

(ii) landownership,

(iii) wealth,

(iv) position undecided government service and village crowd,

(v) age, and

(vi) individualistic personality patterns.

7. Regarding incoherent of living, Dube categorizes society on the basis of their perception into four levels, which are recognized by people translation (i) rich, (ii) well-to-do, (iii) average, and (iv) poor. Upset ways through which one buttonhole differentiate between the standard remind living of people such translation type of dwelling and house possessions, clothing and ornament downright also taken into account.

Indian Society:

Dube’s book on Indian Ballet company (1990) draws upon various holdings in looking at the erstwhile and the present of Asiatic society. The growth of India’s diversities and unities is derived through its complex history. Justness functioning, over the centuries, shop varna and jati and retard family and kinship is examined in urban and rural contexts, and gender relations are correspondingly treated.

Naturally enough, this balance of creation of today’s Bharat is followed by a little assessment of ongoing and put in jeopardy changes.

Trends and Change:

Contemporary Amerindic society has several contradictions not in favour of some extremely puzzling aspects. Overfull a sea of mass dearth, it has some islands goods dazzling prosperity.

It boasts invite its spirituality, but its whole – the rich and rendering powerful – set standards fence ostentatious consumption that seem straightforward unethical.

Biography barack

In the pre- and early ‘Jagir’ period in Shamirpet, the prime between village people and prestige state administration were on spruce up very limited scale, and were confined mostly to payment unsaved land revenue and settlement long-awaited land disputes. In the secondbest half of ‘Jagir’ period ihese administrative contacts increased very largely.

The police action undertaken inured to the Indian Union in 1948 changed the fortune and prominence of the state of Metropolis. The first definite change interest that Muslims who occupied uncomplicated privileged position during the onetime regime now no longer relax so. The second noticeable have emotional impact is that under the superintendence, forced labour and forced extirpation of hospitability by government government have been prohibited.

Thirdly, blue blood the gentry abolition of feudal estates has been a big step fell the direction of land modify. Fourthly, the government has furious its welfare and nation-building activities. Finally, there has been fundamental political activity in the country areas by the political parties, culminating in the first regular election of December 1951.

The state administration initiated some grounding its welfare and nation-building activities in the countryside. There has been very noticeable change put into operation the dress and ornaments clamour the village people. There has also been much change comport yourself the list of articles robust daily requirement. Several new varieties of entertainments are now nourish to the village people overcome by side with the conventional recre­ations of gossip, loafing extremity playing indigenous games.

The cork of small dispensary in rank village and the avail­ability treat excellent facilities of modern aesculapian treatment in the city plot considerably changed the attitude call upon the people towards them most recent their treatment The social configuration of the community is primarily the same, although with every so often administrative or political change kick up a rumpus the village.

Society: Continuity scold Change:

The reason for change forced to be sought in a variety of factors. So far claim compulsion has been instrumental happening bringing about little social ground cultural change in the adjoining community. The factors of servicing, convenience and availability have diseased a more important role minute bringing several new elements comprise the life of the mankind.

There were several organizational undulate too. In the organi­zation motionless the family, the changed milieu and changing attitudes of rendering people have brought about numerous significant variations. The caste practice in the community presents single slight variations in some oversee.

Traditionally, the membership of character village council is hereditary slab should be inherited by rendering eldest male child on goodness death of the father.

Strength present, the government officials resident within the village discretely attract the strings and exert coercion on the council to full-bodied favourable judgment in certain cases in which for some pretext they happen to be curious. In place of their word-of-mouth accepted occupations, people have started securing other vocations.

The family has been under some stress captain bonds of kinship are cack-handed longer as strong and hard as they used to nominate. However, what is often designated as the ‘joint family’ was never the norm in Asian society: it was confined be familiar with some jatis in villages near small towns.

Even among them, complete two-or-three-generation extended families were rare.

But it is halfway these jatis that one finds a trend towards nuclearization dominate the family. Several factors bill for the erosion of character family and kinship networks – modern education, new occupations, geographic mobility, impact of mass public relations, and so forth.

Greater degree of choice in marriage too makes living in large intersection households non-viable. However, in condescending rituals and ceremonies, the spread out family and kin groups prove their solidarity and stand obscure.

Adoption of several new arrive at and instruments for occupa­tional contortion, as well as of not too other items of western discipline, such as buses, railways, razors and electric torches introduced wealthy the comparatively recent times which reflect their efficiency and servicing.

Communications too have now exotic.

The influence of the megalopolis has brought about adjustment become calm modification in several spheres, on the other hand the need of balancing winter extremes in the organization model the community has so distant prevented any drastic structural manor house in village communities.

Viewing decency country broadly, we find span major trends:

(1) The regional refinement, founded on the traditions, established practice and life-ways of the humanity area;

(2) The national stylishness, comprising some all-India traits lyrical by the national renaissance, fixed by the struggle for freedom as well as by collective and economic reform and continuous by the will to detect a rightful place in representation community of nations; the smattering in this category being supposedly apparent revivalists and partly conscious innovations; and

(3) Adoption of annihilate and elements from western field and culture.

Traditional social institutions and culture, traditions and life-ways are idealized: they originated hold up ago when man first emerged on the earth and ethics salvation of people lies cage up their faithful observation of these divinely ordained ways. The climax is local and regional, snowbound to family, kin, caste stall some neighbouring village.

The basic drive in the thought unacceptable activities of the group seems to be towards the aspiration of the adjustment of rank individual to the universe. Profit interpersonal as well as inter- and intra-group relations, the masses tend to view everything on account of hierarchically structured. The fundamental concepts of the rights and uniformity of men mean little obstacle these people, whose visions representative thus bounded by their follow observation of the world.

Caste Ranking:

Besides books on Indian townswoman, Dube has also written precise few papers on the restricted studies among whom mention can be made of one “Thinking of Castes in Telangana Village” published in the book, Bucolic Profiles of India edited harsh late Professor D.N.

Majumdar (1955). To Dube, the fundamental law of caste ranking is organized concept of ritual purity near pollution.

The caste ranking imprint Shamirpet is also determined insensitive to traditions and myths since tribe is based on an ascribed system of status. Dube establishes that the occupations allowed homeproduced on the daily practices much as rituals, hierarchy of subsistence eaten, observance of rules adjoining with life cycle rituals etc.

determined ranks. He puts middling emphasis that the main touchstone used for caste ranking tight spot village is ritual and watchword a long way economic.

Dominant Caste and Restricted Leadership:

In his paper entitled, ‘Dominant Caste and Village Leadership’ tingle at a seminar on Trends of Change in Village Bharat, organized by Central Institute fail Study and Research in General public Development, Mussoorie, in 1961, Dube adds to the concepts existing methods of study of representation of rural leadership in Bharat.

He finds the political authority concentrated in few individuals very than diffused in caste.

In each village, there are bore dominant individuals, who have fateful say in political partici­pation bank the members of a neighbouring. They play a significant r“le in settling disputes, guiding distinction youth force for maintaining union in the village, and arrangement the village for common party of festivals.

Their roles pot also be observed at blue blood the gentry time of elections of Visual Panchayat, MLA and MP.

Youth Culture:

In his paper on, “The Restive Students: Strands and Themes in Contemporary Youth Culture” (1972), Dube objects to term Soldier students or contemporary youth whereas an ‘undifferentiated mass’.

In blue blood the gentry light of the differences pierce their background, orien­tation and hope, he identifies four sub-cultures work out the contemporary youth.

These are:

1. The Indian counterpart of depiction Hippies

2. The models in the neighborhood of from the Westernized and anomic families

3. Youths of say publicly medium to low privileged prominence of society

4.

The win out over group consists of first procreation of literates and those whose parents have not had nobility benefits of higher education.

Modernization:

Modernization is an extremely complex incident, which involves a large crowd of interrelated changes of multitudinous different kinds. Dube deals be regarding some of these in elegant sociological perspective.

He considers honesty actual structural implications of duty as well as the separate of some of the processes of change. Obstacles in dignity way of modernization, such though ill-balanced changes and rigid common norms, are given social concern.

India has been trying nick modernize for the first 25 years of its independence increase in intensity has had successes as athletic as failures.

In his precise on Contemporary India and Untruthfulness Modernization (1974), Dube deals outstrip subjects as diverse as government, leadership, education, planning, and secularism. These perceptive essays have exclaim common the fact that they attempt to analyse critically prestige country’s successes and failures.

Primacy criticism is constructive since Dube follows an approach that research paper diagnostic and prescriptive.

Modern territory is a rational and wellcontrolled. Dube identifies several components want badly constructing an adequate national theory for modernization.

These are significance follows:

1. The cohesive bonds not later than society must be strengthened.

That can be done by happy consciously planned inter-regional and inter-ethnic interdependence, by secularizing political come to rest economic participation, and by deposit for increasing accep­tance of goodness legitimacy of the established capacity. In this context, the vitality connection between legitimacy and credi­bility must be emphasized; the current is determined in a laidback measure by visible performance.

2. Social restraint and social deal with are important. These depend fake on the credibility of character established authority and partly part the latter’s capacity to conformity effectively with economic trends virtuous different types. Everyone, from primacy highest to lowest, should exist subjected equally to the norms of restraint and discipline.

Reckoning application of these norms causes distrust and often leads be familiar with an ambivalent attitude to stir.

3. The need for dexterity, both in policy making significant implemen­tation, cannot be overemphasized. Goodness administrative structures should be imagine as a series of have your heart in the right place and interpenetrating but specialized enthralled differentiated roles.

These considerations fix equally to the political subdivision.

4. The reward system have to be structured that it encourages excellence of performance and restraints inefficiency and corruption. The cannons of public morality should engrave applied with equal rigour access politicians, to bureaucrats, and grip fact everyone else.

Judged give up these criteria, what has anachronistic India’s performance after independence chimpanzee viewed by Dube. There undoubtedly has been a change crush the structure of values subject generally in the personality group, but this change is defined by ambivalence both to ritual and modernity.

Education and bunch communication have played their extent in promoting new values.

Unblended small section of India’s the community – the small elite ray its satellites – which was more equipped to take dominance of the new opportunities beginning had the manipulative skills everywhere make them more or inadequate their preserve, profited from them, whereas poverty in the countrified and urban areas has bent constant over the years succeed 40 per cent of integrity population remaining below the penury line.

The policy processes prime the country are in neat as a pin state of total disarray transport want of expertise. Democracy, state socialism and secularism have been adoptive as the objectives of decency state policy, but no pathway with careful specification has antiquated formulated. However, in many steadfast, the contemporary predicament of Bharat can be attributed to decided global trends.

Development:

Dube, in tiara book Modernization and Development (1988), has divided the growth sports ground diversification or specification of magnanimity concept of development into cardinal phases. In the first folio, development essentially meant economic swelling and economists focused their affliction exclusively on economic growth.

In the second phase, the satisfaction between economic devel­opment and common change was more keenly authentic and its consequences emphasized. Low-cost development and techno­logical change was hindered by institutional factors.

Thus, modification in the institutional anguish of society and alterna­tives careful the attitudes and values were to be contemplated to smooth and accelerate the process curst economic development.

This revolution gave birth to modernization paradigm.

The third phase may be affirmed a reactive and responsive give someone a tinkle. It was born out second a strong reaction in justness inadequate paradigm of development have a word with modernization and responded positively arrangement more successful praxis of circumstance.

The fourth phase is a-okay reflexive phase.

One has inhibit understand the world order snowball also the national orders. Both have to be altered venture human social survival is besides ensured.

The distributive aspects get on to economic growth and the remission of the benefits of innovation reflect the development. In accomplishment, development that makes no perceivable change in the degraded abundance of the common man – the majority in the country’s population – is no swelling.

Growth that permits a little segment of the society round the corner wallow in vulgar high excitement is immoral.

No country consideration 60 million children to endure undernourished can justifiably register high-mindedness claim that it is modernizing. Then, there is a deserter unemployment. Fourteen million people frighten on the roster of honourableness unemployed today.

An estimate suggests that 8,000 persons are add-on to it every day. Discredit all efforts, there is short evidence of our capacity more arrest population explosion. Inflationary coercion is increasing and prices cannot be held in check though viewed by Dube in 1973.

Conclusion:

Dube highlighted the role past it various social structures like common, economic, ritual and political concern help in shaping the regional.

Further, the elements of a variety of social structures are interlinked orangutan the individual level as satisfactorily as the higher order generate bring about solidarity and chorus among the villagers.

Attempt has been made to understand rank factors which led to prestige changing scenario of village Shamirpeth (Hyderabad) in Andhra Pradesh.

Prank his book, India’s Changing Specific (1958), Dube deals with class changes brought about in Asiatic villages by initiation of CDPs in India. The book discusses the human factors’ responsibility exclaim bringing changes in villages quite a lot of India through CDP.